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Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 5, May 2019, pages 367-374

Association of Age and Anemia With Adiponectin Serum Levels in Normal-Weight Japanese Women

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived peptide, circulates in high concentrations (1,000-fold higher relative to other adipokines) and has been shown to have insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and anti-apoptotic properties in experimental studied [1]. Racial, ethnic and sex differences exist in serum adiponectin concentrations [2, 3], which are decreased in obesity and increased after weight loss [4, 5]. Although some studies reported that serum adiponectin declined or did not change with age [6-8], others reported elevated serum adiponectin in the elderly [9-13]. This seems to be a contradiction because aging is associated with an increase in abdominal obesity [14].

Studies including ours reported that anemia or low hemoglobin was associated with high circulating adiponectin in community-dwelling people [15-20]. Causes of anemia are different between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In non-pregnant, premenopausal women, anemia due to menstrual blood loss is common [20]. In the elderly people, anemia of indeterminate cause was present in one-third, while anemia of nutrient deficiency was present in one-third and anemia of chronic inflammation or chronic renal disease or both was present in one-third [21]. However, to our knowledge, there is no report to date to assess the relationship of adiponectin with anthropometric, metabolic and hematological variables from healthy young adults to elderly people. Therefore, we investigated these issues in young, middle-aged and elderly Japanese women who were of normal-weight in the present study.

We studied cross-sectionally 311 young female students of the university aged 18 - 24 years (A), 148 their biological mothers aged 39 - 60 years (B) and 322 community-dwelling women aged ≥ 65 years (C). Characteristics of three groups of women were described in detail elsewhere [17, 22, 23]. Women in groups B and C were referred to as middle-aged and elderly women, respectively. Elderly women were subdivided into three age groups: between 65 and 74 years (X, n = 95), between 75 and 84 years (Y, n = 176) and between 85 and 96 years (Z, n = 51). Subjects with clinically diagnosed acute or chronic inflammatory diseases, endocrine, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal diseases, hormonal contraception and unusual dietary habits were excluded from the study. The study was approved by the Mukogawa Women’s University Ethical Committee (No. 07-28 on 19/02/2008 and No. 11-7 on 20/5/2011) to be in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Body weight and height were measured, and blood was drawn after an overnight fast in young and middle-aged women and 159 elderly women. The remaining 202 elderly women received anthropometric measurement and blood samplings after breakfast between 9:30 and 10:30 am. Serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and leptin were measured as previously reported [22, 23]. Adiponectin was assayed by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokushima City, Japan). Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) were 3.3% and 7.5%, respectively. Leptin was assessed by an RIA kit from LINCO research (St. Charles, MO, interassay CV 4.9%). Complete blood cell count was analyzed using an automated blood cell counter (Sysmex XE-2100, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). Hyperadiponectinemia was defined as having adiponectin ≥ 20 mg/L [24, 25] and anemia was defined as having blood hemoglobin < 12.0 g/dL [26].

In elderly women, serum creatinine was measured enzymatically using an auto-analyzer (AU 5200, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the equation recommended by the Japanese Society for Nephrology [27].

Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise stated. Differences in frequencies of conditions were analyzed by χ² test and between two groups by t-test. Differences among three groups were analyzed using analysis of variance. When P values in analysis of variance were < 0.05, Bonferroni’s multiple comparison procedure was performed. Bivariate correlations of adiponectin with anthropometric, clinical and cardiometabolic parameters were evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis. A two-tailed P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All calculations were performed with SPSS system 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

As shown in Table 1, mean body mass index (BMI) was of normal weight in participants of three age groups, who had normal serum cholesterol and relatively high HDL cholesterol. Middle-aged and elderly women had higher BMI compared with young women. Changes in serum leptin were modest.

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Table 1. Anthropometric, Laboratory and Clinical Characteristics of Young, Middle-Aged and Elderly Japanese Women

The prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia was low (Fig. 1) and serum adiponectin did not differ between young and middle-aged women (Table 1). However, elderly women had higher serum adiponectin (Table 1) and prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia (Fig. 1). The prevalence of anemia was higher in elderly women compared with young and middle-aged women (Fig. 1), although blood hemoglobin did not differ among the three groups (Table 1). There was no difference between 123 premenopausal and 25 postmenopausal middle-aged women in levels of adiponectin and hemoglobin (data not shown) as well as the prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia (3.3% vs. 4.0%, P = 0.8) and anemia (12.3% vs. 12.0%).

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Figure 1. The prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia (upper panel) and anemia (lower panel) in 311 young (A, red bars), 148 middle-aged (B, yellow bars) and 322 elderly women (C, light blue bars). Elderly women were subdivided into three age groups: between 65 and 74 years (n = 95, X, green bars), between 75 and 84 years (n = 176, Y, dark blue bars) and between 85 and 96 years (n = 51, Z, purple bars).

Among elderly women, the prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia (Fig. 1) and serum adiponectin (Table 2) increased in a stepwise fashion with advancing age. Adiponectin was higher in women aged ≥ 85 years than the other two groups. The prevalence of anemia increased (Fig. 1), and blood hemoglobin decreased in a stepwise fashion (Table 2). There also was a stepwise decrease in eGFR with advancing age (Table 2). After controlling for hemoglobin, a difference in serum adiponectin was no longer significant, whereas it was still highly significant, though attenuated, after controlling for eGFR (data not shown). After controlling for both hemoglobin and eGFR, a difference in serum adiponectin was no longer significant (X: 14.9 ± 0.8 mg/L, Y: 14.9 ± 0.6 mg/L, Z: 17.5 ± 1.1 mg/L, P = 0.098, mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)).

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Table 2. Features of Elderly Women Divided Into Three Age Groups

Elderly women with anemia (n = 69) had higher serum adiponectin (Fig. 2) and higher prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia (34.8% vs. 20.6%, P = 0.01) compared to 252 elderly women without anemia. In contrast, young and middle-aged women showed no intra-group difference in adiponectin between the presence and absence of anemia (Fig. 2). Hemoglobin did not differ among three age groups of women with anemia (Fig. 2). As compared to young and middle-aged women, elderly women who did not have anemia still had elevated serum adiponectin (14.5 ± 7.1 mg/L, P < 0.01) and higher prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia (20.6%, P < 0.01).

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Figure 2. Serum adiponectin and hemoglobin in young, middle-aged and elderly women in the absence (red columns) and presence of anemia (blue columns). Note that adiponectin was elevated in anemic elderly women but not in anemic young and middle-aged women despite the fact that the degree of anemia of elderly women was comparable with that of young and middle-aged women. Mean ± SD. a: P < 0.001 between women with and without anemia.

As shown in Table 3, adiponectin showed a positive association with age and inverse associations with hemoglobin (Fig. 3), red blood cells and hematocrit in elderly women but not in young and middle-aged women. To obtain a wider range of age (18 - 60 years), young and middle-aged women were combined and re-analyzed. Again, there was no association between adiponectin and age (Fig. 4) and between adiponectin and hemoglobin (r = 0.03, P = 0.6). Inverse association of adiponectin with BMI and positive association with HDL cholesterol were evident among three age groups (Table 3).

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Table 3. Correlation Coefficients of Serum Adiponectin in Young, Middle-Aged and Elderly Japanese Women

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Figure 3. Scatter plots between serum adiponectin and hemoglobin in young, middle-aged and elderly women.

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Figure 4. Scatter plots between serum adiponectin and age in young, middle-aged and elderly women. Young and middle-aged women were combined and were analyzed together.

Elderly women with compared to those without hyperadiponectinemia were older and had lower BMI and serum leptin, whereas serum cholesterol did not differ (Table 4). They had higher HDL cholesterol. Furthermore, they had lower red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit and hence higher prevalence of anemia.

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Table 4. Characteristics of Elderly Japanese Women With Hyperadiponectinemia

To our knowledge, this is the first study to date to assess the relationship of adiponectin with anthropometric, metabolic and hematological variables in healthy normal-weight women with a broad range of age (18 - 96 years). Our study demonstrates that serum adiponectin and the prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia in fact increased at 65 years of age and older, whereas the prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia was low and serum adiponectin did not change with age until middle-aged. These findings are supported by observations that adiponectin showed no correlation with age when young and middle-aged women were combined and re-analyzed to obtain a wider age range. Inverse association between adiponectin and age was evident in elderly women. In addition, the current study highlights negative correlation between adiponectin and hemoglobin in elderly but not in young and middle-aged women. Anemia was associated with hyperadiponectinemia in elderly women, whereas in young and middle-aged women, the prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia was low and serum adiponectin did not differ between those with and without anemia.

As previously reported [9-13] and confirmed in the present study, healthy elderly subjects had elevated serum adiponectin. In a large-scale Japanese study of people who underwent medical check-up [9], 2,122 women aged < 40 years and 2,534 women aged 40 - 50 years had a least square mean adiponectin of 10.7 and 11.1 mg/L, respectively. Although the difference is statistically significant, the prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia (≥ 20 mg/L), which seems to be of clinical significance [24, 25], was not reported [9]. In the present study, serum adiponectin did not change in young and middle-aged women. In addition, the prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia was extremely low in both young and middle-aged women. Furthermore, there was no association between adiponectin and age (r = -0.001, P = 0.9) when young and middle-aged women were combined to obtain a wider range of age (18 - 60 years) and re-analyzed. Some observations that serum adiponectin declined or did not change with age [6-8] may be a consequence of a wider range of adiposity and/or a narrow range of age.

Serum adiponectin and the prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia were the highest in women aged ≥ 85 years (Z) among three groups of elderly women. Interval increases in adiponectin were associated with decreasing body weight in old age [28]. However, BMI did not change with advancing age in our elderly women. Instead, the prevalence of anemia was the highest and hemoglobin was the lowest in women aged ≥ 85 years among three groups of elderly women.

In the present study, hemoglobin showed no association with adiponectin in young and middle-aged women, in whom anemia due to menstrual blood loss is common [20]. This is in contrast with inverse association between adiponectin and hemoglobin as previously reported in community-dwelling elderly people [15-20] and confirmed in the present study. These findings indicate that elevated adiponectin is not directly related to low hemoglobin or anemia per se but suggest that etiologies of anemia may be related to hyperadiponectinemia in anemic elderly women. Major causes of anemia in elderly people were nutrient deficiency and chronic inflammation and/or chronic renal disease, and cause was indeterminate in one-third [21].

Reasons why serum adiponectin was associated with anemia and age in elderly but not in young and middle-aged women remain unclear. As bone marrow adipocytes increase in number with age [28] and synthesize adiponectin, which promotes proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells [29], hyperadiponectinemia may be a compensatory phenomenon for low hemoglobin. Another explanation is that elevated serum adiponectin may reflect accelerated adiponectin secretion in response to adverse processes or homeostatic dysregulation that accompany aging [24], that is anemia in the present study. Other age-related homeostatic dysregulation includes weight loss and physical decline [24], low muscle mass and quality [30], heart failure [31] and renal insufficiency [32].

The present study has strengths and limitations which are similar to our previous studies [17, 22, 23]. Young and middle-aged women are more homogeneous not only in genetic but also in non-genetic perspective as compared with general population. They are first-degree relatives who share about 50% of their genes. Furthermore, majority of middle-aged women were premenopausal. It is well known that menopause has substantial effects on body composition [33]. Limitations include the cross-sectional design that did not allow causal relationship. The recruitment procedure may also have some potential impact on the results. As the participation was voluntary, women who pay more attention to health may be more likely to participate. Biochemical parameters were measured only once. Finally, we did not have detailed drug information. Both thiazolidinediones and renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors had effects on adiponectin as well as hemoglobin levels [34-36].

The prevalence of hyperadiponectinemia and serum adiponectin were increased and associated with anemia at 65 years of age and older in normal-weight Japanese women.

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to all the participants for their dedicated and conscientious collaboration.

Financial Disclosure

None of the authors have any potential financial disclosure to declare associated with this research.

Conflict of Interest

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Informed Consent

Written informed consents were obtained from all participants.

Author Contributions

MH, AT, SM, KK, MT, MY, MK and BW have made substantial contributions to acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data. KF has been involved in drafting the manuscript. TK has been involved in revising it critically for important intellectual content, has given final approval of the version to be published and agrees to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Abbreviations

BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL: high-density lipoprotein

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