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Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

Original Article

Volume 14, Number 8, August 2022, pages 315-320

Impact of Digoxin Use on Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction

Heart failure is an increasing cause of death worldwide and is a growing economic and health burden in the United States [1]. For patients with heart failure who have reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is considered the mainstay of management as per the recommendations of the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA), and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) [2-6]. Pharmacologic GDMT consists of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), β-blockers (BBs), and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) given at the maximum tolerated dose [2].

For HFrEF patients who continue to have persistent symptoms despite GDMT (or who are unable to tolerate GDMT), digoxin is a class 2b recommendation to decrease hospitalization for heart failure [3, 4, 7]. The benefit of digoxin in GDMT remains unclear. Some studies have shown that digoxin has a positive effect on morbidity by decreasing hospitalization and improving patients’ quality of life [8-10]. Other studies have shown that its use is associated with increased mortality [11-13].

It is well established that digoxin has positive inotropic effects; however, whether this could be utilized to advance GDMT in heart failure patients is not well established [14]. Consequently, we aimed to see if patients on digoxin can tolerate higher doses of BBs, ACEIs, ARB, or ARNI. We performed a retrospective chart review and compared the doses received by each group.

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at a university hospital. The need for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of the study using coded and anonymized data obtained from routine care. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards of the responsible institution on human subjects.

We conducted a retrospective observational study using data from patients with HFrEF managed at our GDMT Optimization Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. All patients who carried the diagnosis of HFrEF were identified in the study period from January 2017 to December 2019 and were screened for inclusion.

Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years and having a diagnosis of heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤ 40% by echocardiography performed within 12 months. Patients were excluded if they only had one follow-up visit to the GDMT Optimization Clinic.

Variables were obtained by chart review from electronic medical records. For all patients, we collected the following data: age, gender, height, weight, diabetes mellites, tobacco use, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronary artery disease (CAD), and depression. Moreover, baseline labs were also obtained: sodium, potassium, chloride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine.

The primary outcome is the effect of digoxin on GDMT. We split patients into two groups based on digoxin use at the baseline visit. Data regarding the use of GDMT such as BBs (metoprolol succinate, carvedilol, or bisoprolol), ACEI/ARB, MRA or ARNI were collected. Information regarding highest tolerated GDMT dose was collected. Medications were converted to equivalent dosages for lisinopril, carvedilol, or spironolactone to enable statistical analysis. Dosages were divided into minimum (< 50% of target dose), intermediate (50% of target dose) and maximum dose (full dose). Dose equivalents were based on approximate starting dose within each medication class based on ACC and the methods of Grewal et al [15, 16]. We divided equivalent doses as follows; metoprolol succinate 25 mg/day ≈ 6.25 mg/day carvedilol ≈ 2.5 mg bisoprolol daily. For ACEI/ARB the equivalent doses were as follows: captopril 18.75 mg/ day ≈ enalapril 2.5 mg/day ≈ ramipril 2.5 mg/day ≈ lisinopril 5 mg/day ≈ candesartan 4 mg/day ≈ valsartan 40 mg/ day ≈ losartan 25 mg daily. Doses of spironolactone and eplerenone were considered equivalent. Target doses of carvedilol equivalents were 50 mg/day, lisinopril equivalents were 40 mg/day and spironolactone equivalents were 25 mg/day. For the ARB-ARNI combination (i.e., sacubitril-valsartan combination); 24/26 mg two times daily was considered the minimum dose, 49/51 mg two times daily moderate dose, and two times daily 97/103 mg as the maximum dose. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were not recommended as part of GDMT at the time of the current study. Moreover, hydralazine, isosorbide dinitrate, and ivabradine were not included due to low prescription rates and more specialized indications for these medications.

Categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages. Data with normal distributions are reported as mean and standard deviation (SD) and data without a normal distribution as a median and interquartile range (IQR, 25 - 75). Treatment effects were assessed by comparisons between groups, and analyses of all available data were carried out according to baseline visit assignments (by the intention-to-treat principle). We use t-test to compare continuous variables and Chi-square for categorical variables between two groups. A bivariate analysis was performed to compare patients on digoxin with patients not on digoxin in terms of ability to progress the dosing of BB, MRA, and ACEIs/ARB or ARNI. All statistical analysis was carried out using R version 3.6.2.

During the study period, we identified 233 patients who met our inclusion and exclusion criteria; 14.6% of the population had received digoxin. Three patients (8.82%) from the digoxin group had stopped digoxin during the follow-up period and three patients (1.51%) from the non-digoxin group started taking digoxin during the follow-up period. The average age was 64 (SD 15) for patients on digoxin and 60.1 (SD 16.1) for patients not on digoxin (P = 0.78), and the male to female ratio was 2:1 and 5:3, respectively (P = 0.33). The mean duration of the last follow-up visits for all subjects was 221.8 (SD 125.7) days. Both cases and controls had similar patient characteristics, with the exception of follow-up duration and the LVEF (Table 1). When we compared baseline and last visit vitals and biochemical testing; baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, last visit systolic blood pressure and baseline sodium level were lower in the digoxin group (Table 2).

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Table 1. Baseline Characteristics and Comorbidities

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Table 2. Labs and Vitals for First and Last Visit

There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients receiving higher doses of BBs (P = 0.235), ACEI/ARB (P = 0.903), MRA (P = 0.331), or ARNIs (P = 0.717) between the two groups (Table 3).

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Table 3. Bivariate Analysis Comparing Highest Tolerated Doses Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy Between Patients With HFrEF on Digoxin and Those not on Digoxin

Digoxin was one of the first used medications to treat heart failure. The majority of the data regarding digoxin use in HFrEF comes from meta-analyses of retrospective studies, in addition to randomized controlled trials such as DIG, RADIANCE, and PROVED [10, 17, 18]. The authors of the DIG trial found that digoxin reduced heart failure-related hospitalizations in HFrEF, but it did not affect mortality or quality of life. However, this trial was performed at a time when GDMT use had not been established [19, 20]. Since then, many observational studies have shown similar results that while digoxin decreased patient symptoms and readmissions, it lacked mortality or even increased mortality [10, 21].

A post hoc analysis of the DIG trial showed a serum digoxin concentration of 0.5 - 0.9 ng/mL was associated with reduced all-cause mortality and HF hospitalizations [22]. Current 2022 ACC/AHA/HFSA guidelines recommend initiation of digoxin in patients after optimization of GDMT or in patients who cannot tolerate GDMT in the absence of any contraindications [3]. There has been a scarcity of randomized control trials answering critical questions about the role of digoxin in today’s clinical practice and their interactions with current GDMT, except for the RATE-AF trial [23]. This randomized clinical trial of atrial fibrillation patients showed improved heart failure and atrial fibrillation-related symptoms in those taking digoxin in comparison to bisoprolol. Further studies into the potential interactions between digoxin and GDMT are essential.

Previous literature also showed that HFrEF patients who were previously maintained on digoxin had an increased risk of heart failure and all-cause readmissions when digoxin was discontinued [24]. The combined risk of heart failure readmission and all-cause mortality was higher in the digoxin discontinuation group at all stages in follow-up. Hence, we investigated the question of whether the addition of digoxin correlates with additional dosing of GDMT. To our knowledge, there are no studies that have evaluated a similar outcome when it comes to digoxin use. One of the rationales supporting this idea was that the positive inotropic effect of digoxin would allow the patients to tolerate higher doses of GDMT medications which could help explain the symptom relief and reduction of readmissions shown in other studies [21]. Interestingly the effect of digoxin on inotropy and blood pressure could potentially be extrapolated from the RADIANCE trial as withdrawal of digoxin resulted in lower ejection fraction (EF) and systolic blood pressure [17].

Providers are hesitant when it comes to prescribing digoxin in CKD patients as it is cleared through the kidneys and higher serum concentrations have been associated with worse outcomes [25]. Interestingly we did not notice a statistically significant difference in diagnosis of CKD and baseline creatinine in those on digoxin and those not taking digoxin. This potentially may indicate that renal function did not play a significant factor in providers choosing to utilize digoxin in our sample.

Our results show that there was no significant difference in the maximally tolerated dose of BB, ACEI, ARB, or ARNI between patients receiving digoxin and patients who were not receiving digoxin. Hence, our study shows that digoxin administration in HFrEF patients does not allow for higher dosing of any of the individual components in the current GDMT. Given the lack of benefit of the addition of digoxin to increased dosing of any of the individual components of GDMT, our study does not support the initiation of digoxin before optimization of HF GDMT. Our study is prone to selection bias and differences in baseline blood pressure between both groups could potentially explain why the up-titration of GDMT was not statistically significant in the digoxin group. Moreover, digoxin tends to be used in patients with more severe and symptomatic heart failure which would probably also prevent other medications from being optimized [26]. The results of our study will need to be validated in an adequately powered randomized control trial.

This study has limitations. First, the retrospective observational nature of this study is its main limitation. Second, the fact it is a single-center study limits its scientific rigor or external validity. Third, data were collected from electronic medical records and thus are prone to miscoding, and errors in data entry which may introduce potential errors were not accounted for. Fourth, information regarding patient-specific factors that limit GDMT such as intolerance of ACEI or ARB may have limited continuing therapy was not included. Moreover, data on digoxin serum levels was limited thus information on which patients were able to achieve therapeutic range is not available. Fifth, patients receiving digoxin may have characteristics that differ from those that did not, introducing potential bias. Sixth, our small sample size could potentially increase the likelihood of type II error skewing the results. Seventh, using the last visit for follow-up time introduces a heterogenous timepoint which may introduce bias.

Digoxin use as an add-on to GDMT is still under question. In this study, there was no difference in the maximum tolerated dose of BB, ACEIs/ARB, or ARNI between patients receiving and not receiving digoxin. This shows that the addition of digoxin did not allow patients to tolerate higher doses of GDMT medications. The use of digoxin in HFrEF treatment in addition to GDMT has not been assessed in a recent randomized control trial and further research is needed to gauge its efficacy and safety.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to the Metrohealth’s IRB office for their review.

Financial Disclosure

None to declare.

Conflict of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest or relationships to disclose.

Informed Consent

The need for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of the study using coded and anonymized data obtained from routine care.

Author Contributions

Ahmad Jabri: hypothesis, data analysis, project leader, literature review, manuscript writing, editing and review; Laith Alhuneafat: data analysis, manuscript writing, editing and review, and submission; Zaid Shahrouri: manuscript editing and writing; Hani Hamade MD: data collection, manuscript editing and writing; Farhan Nasser: data collection, manuscript writing and literature review, Abdallah Rayan: manuscript editing; Mohammed Mhanna: manuscript editing; Ahmad Al Abdouh: manuscript editing; Faris Haddadin: manuscript editing; Kathir Balakumaran: project supervision and review.

Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Journal of Clinical Medicine Research is published by Elmer Press Inc.