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Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

Case Report

Volume 13, Number 10-11, November 2021, pages 510-514

Combination Therapy With Ustekinumab Plus Intensive Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorptive Apheresis in Patients With Refractory Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by mucosal ulceration, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of ustekinumab (UST) for patients with moderate-to-severe UC who failed to achieve clinical remission (CR) or to respond to conventional (i.e., non-biologic) therapy, anti-tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-α antagonists, or vedolizumab [1]. However, the efficacy of UST monotherapy at 6 mg/kg for inducing CR in randomized patients who had had an inadequate response, loss of response or intolerance to corticosteroids (CSs), immunosuppressives, and/or biologic therapies was reportedly 15.5% at 8 weeks [1]. The UST monotherapy has been limited when higher induction remission rates are the goal. On the other hand, intensive granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) with Adacolumn^® (JIMRO, Takasaki, Japan) has been superior to routine weekly GMA in terms of both remission rate and time to remission in patients with refractory UC [2]. This is also limited because the effectiveness of intensive GMA for inducing CR in severe UC patients is unsatisfactory [3]. There are currently no reports showing the efficacy of combination induction therapy with UST plus intensive GMA on refractory UC patients.

We conducted a retrospective assessment and report here on the 10-week outcomes of combination therapy comprising UST plus intensive GMA for patients with refractory UC.

This study retrospectively investigated four patients with moderate-to-severe UC treated in Nagoya City University Hospital between August 2020 and July 2021. Consecutive patients receiving combination therapy with UST plus intensive GMA for CS-refractory UC, CS-dependent UC or refractory UC who showed loss of response to tacrolimus (TAC) were enrolled. All procedures in the present study were conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All study protocols were approved by the Nagoya City University ethics committee (#60-21-0043) and informed consent was obtained in the form of an opt-out available on the hospital website during enrollment.

The primary outcome was the CR rate at 10 weeks for patients receiving combination therapy with UST plus intensive GMA. The secondary outcome was endoscopic improvement (defined as a Mayo endoscopic subscore ≤ 1) and changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) values. Disease activities and severities were assessed using the full Mayo score [4] at baseline and 10 weeks. Patients were enrolled to this study according to the following criteria: 1) CS-refractory or CS-dependent UC; or 2) loss of response to TAC; and 3) moderate-to-severe UC (Mayo score 6 - 12 points at baseline), including an endoscopic subscore of 2 - 3 despite concurrent treatment with CSs, and/or TAC. Only CS dosages were tapered off as appropriate. Any adverse events, including date of onset, severity, outcome, and relationships of events to these therapies were recorded. The data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean, and comparisons were made using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests, and two-tailed tests were applied as appropriate.

The demographic and baseline data of the four patients (two men and two women) are shown in Table 1. Mean age was 44.8 years, and mean disease duration was 9.0 years. The colonic involvement was extensive in two cases and left-sided in two cases. Concurrent medications included 5-aminosalicylates, CSs, and TAC. Of the four patients, two were CS-refractory, two were CS-dependent, and one experienced loss of response to TAC. No patients had any history of prior use of anti-TNF-α antagonists. Mean dose of CSs was 12.5 mg/day (Tables 1 and 2).

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Table 1. Baseline Demographic Variables of the Four Cases With UC Refractory to Medications Including TAC Who Were Selected for This Combination Therapy With UST Plus Intensive GMA

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Table 2. Clinical Courses Within 10 Weeks for the Four Cases

The four patients were administered combination therapy of comprising UST (6 mg/kg UST followed by subcutaneous injections of 90 mg UST every 8 weeks) plus intensive GMA. Mean full Mayo scores at baseline and 10 weeks were 11.0 ± 0.41 points and 2.5 ± 0.96 points, respectively, and mean Mayo endoscopic subscores at baseline and 10 weeks were 2.75 ± 0.25 and 1.5 ± 0.29, respectively (Figs. 1a and 2). Both full Mayo scores (P = 0.066) and endoscopic subscores (P = 0.059) showed no significant differences. Mean CRP levels of the four patients were 1.70 ± 0.89 mg/dL at baseline and 0.08 ± 0.03 mg/dL at 10 weeks, also showing no significant difference (P = 0.068) (Fig. 1b). This combination therapy tended to reduce disease activities including full Mayo scores, endoscopic scores, and CRP values.

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Figure 1. Evolution of mean full Mayo scores (a) and CRP (b) at baseline and 10 weeks in the four cases. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean, and comparisons were made using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. A significant level of 0.05 was used for all statistic tests, and two-tailed tests were applied as appropriate. CRP: C-reactive protein.

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Figure 2. Evolution of mean endoscopic subscore at baseline and 10 weeks in the four cases. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean, and comparisons were made using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. A significant level of 0.05 was used for all statistic tests, and two-tailed tests were applied as appropriate.

The rate of CR at 10 weeks was 50%. The rate of patients showing endoscopic improvement (defined as endoscopy subscore ≤ 1) [5] at 10 weeks was 50%. In addition, all four patients were successfully withdrawn from CSs by 10 weeks (Table 2).

Regarding safety, no cases of lymphoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, leukemia, or tuberculosis as adverse event of special interests were identified in the present study. No adverse events were observed. Combination therapies with UST and intensive GMA appeared safe and well tolerated in all patients.

We have reported here the effectiveness of combining UST induction therapy with intensive GMA in four consecutive cases of refractory UC.

In clinical settings, UST is an efficacious therapy to induce and maintain CR in patients with moderately-to-severely active UC. The UNIFI phase 3 trial of UST involved patients with moderate-to-severe UC and revealed that overall rates of CR at week 8 were 15.5% in patients randomized to receive UST at 6 mg/kg and 5.3% in patients allocated placebo (P < 0.001) [1]. Rates of CR for biologic-naive patients who had received CSs and/or immunosuppressive agents other than biologics were 18.4% at week 8 in patients receiving UST and 9.9% at week 8 in patients receiving placebo. In addition, the rate of 8-week endoscopic improvement in the total cohort including patients with biologics failure and non-failure who received UST at 6 mg/kg (27.0 %) was significantly higher compared to those receiving placebo (13.8 %) (P < 0.001) [1]. Moreover, the rate of 8-week endoscopic improvement for biologic-naive patients receiving UST at 6 mg/kg was 33.3%, compared to 21.2% in patients receiving placebo [1]. Therapeutic treatment with UST monotherapy for refractory UC has limitations, suggesting that treatment in addition to UST is necessary for biologic-naive patients with active UC and loss of response to TAC. In the present study, the rates of CR and endoscopic improvement at 10 weeks in four patients receiving combination therapy with UST plus intensive GMA were both 50.0%. Based on these outcomes, adding intensive GMA to UST monotherapy likely appears effective as a combination therapy for inducing CR and endoscopic improvements.

A retrospective, multicenter study showed effectiveness of the combination of GMA after loss of response to TNF agents in UC [6]. GMA is currently available for the treatment of active UC that has had loss of response to standard pharmacotherapies, including biologics. Activated granulocytes and monocytes (GMs) adsorption to cellulose acetate beads induces downregulation of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α and release of anti-inflammatory cytokine [7-10]. Therefore, levels of these cytokines in the intestinal tissue were significantly lowered in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who had achieved clinical or endoscopic remission, compared to patients who clinically remained unchanged after GMA therapy [11].

Furthermore, an in vitro study observed that the concentration of soluble cell adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in blood samples was significantly reduced after GMs adsorption with acetate beads [9]. Such findings suggest that the present combination therapy suppressed leukocyte migration by drastically downregulating circulating inflammatory cytokines and expression of leukocyte-related adhesion molecules as an effect of GMA, and by downregulating local inflammatory cytokines at microenvironmental sites in the gut mucosa, as an effect of UST, thereby inducing rapid CR [12, 13]. In addition, serious adverse side effects appear rare in patients receiving GMA [3, 14]. Additional studies on larger cohorts of patients are warranted to verify these findings.

Regarding safety, some risks for systemic disease, cancer development and opportunistic infections, including leukocytoclastic vasculitis, non-melanoma skin cancers, prostate, colon, renal papillary, and rectal cancers, and cytomegalovirus colitis, legionella pneumonia, and ophthalmic and oral herpes simplex infections have been reported with the use of UST [1, 15]. No adverse events occurred within 10 weeks of administration in the present study. The present study showed limitations in terms of the sample size and insufficient time to fully characterize the safety of combination therapy with UST and intensive GMA.

In conclusions, combination therapy with UST plus intensive GMA is helpful to ameliorate UC inflammation and clinically to reduce disease activities in refractory UC patients, and appears well tolerated.

Acknowledgments

None to declare.

Financial Disclosure

This work was supported by a Grant-in Aid for scientific research C (KAKENHI 19K08399) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained in the form of opt-out on the website during enrollment.

Author Contributions

ST has designed and performed the study. ST, KO, and TK have drafted the manuscript and TK, NS, HN, HI, MT, and TS performed critical editing. ST, KO, TK, and TK assisted with and supported sample collection and subsequent analysis with statistics. ST prepared and wrote manuscript. EK and HK carefully supervised this study.

Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

UC: ulcerative colitis; UST: ustekinumab; GMA: granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis; TAC: tacrolimus; CRP: C-reactive protein; CR: clinical remission

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Journal of Clinical Medicine Research is published by Elmer Press Inc.