J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 15, Number 5, May 2023, pages 255-261

Differences in Analgesia Methods for Open Gastrointestinal Surgery Are Not Associated With Initial Postoperative Ambulation

**Table 1.** Patient Factors
	Delayed group (n = 36)	Successful group (n = 81)	P value
Data are expressed as means (SD) or as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. SD: standard deviation.
Age (years)	66.81 ± 12.04	65.62 ± 13.01	0.642
Sex
Female (%)	15 (41.7)	33 (40.7)	> 0.999
Male (%)	21 (58.3)	48 (59.3)
Height (cm)	163.73 (8.53)	163.83 (9.36)	0.956
Weight (kg)	57.04 (10.76)	57.88 (15.46)	0.766
Surgical site
Stomach	4 (11.1)	9 (11.1)	0.877
Liver	6 (16.7)	11 (13.6)
Pancreas and spleen	14 (38.9)	23 (28.4)
Colon	7 (19.4)	25 (30.9)
Esophagus	2 (5.6)	6 (7.4)
Small intestine	2 (5.6)	4 (4.9)
Gall bladder	1 (2.8)	3 (3.7)

Table 1. Patient Factors

Delayed group (n = 36)

Successful group (n = 81)

P value

Data are expressed as means (SD) or as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. SD: standard deviation.

Age (years)

66.81 ± 12.04

65.62 ± 13.01

0.642

Sex

Female (%)

15 (41.7)

33 (40.7)

> 0.999

Male (%)

21 (58.3)

48 (59.3)

Height (cm)

163.73 (8.53)

163.83 (9.36)

0.956

Weight (kg)

57.04 (10.76)

57.88 (15.46)

0.766

Surgical site

Stomach

4 (11.1)

9 (11.1)

0.877

Liver

6 (16.7)

11 (13.6)

Pancreas and spleen

14 (38.9)

23 (28.4)

Colon

7 (19.4)

25 (30.9)

Esophagus

2 (5.6)

6 (7.4)

Small intestine

2 (5.6)

4 (4.9)

Gall bladder

1 (2.8)

3 (3.7)

**Table 2.** Blood Test Data
	Preoperative (preparation, diagnosis, etc.)	Postoperative
Data are expressed as means (SD). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. ALT: alanine transaminase; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cre: creatinine; CRP: C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb: hemoglobin; Ht: hematocrit; PLT: platelet; PT%: prothrombin time activity; PT-INR: international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; RBC: red blood cell; WBC: white blood cell; SD: standard deviation.
ALT (U/L)	22.17 (12.11)	22.95 (20.22)	0.83	125.36 (191.72)	85.57 (129.34)	0.191
AST (U/L)	25.14 (14.56)	23.96 (18.12)	0.731	156.31 (228.11)	99.54 (146.20)	0.109
BUN (mg/dL)	12.83 (3.32)	14.90 (5.70)	0.045	13.85 (6.08)	15.11 (6.64)	0.332
Cre (mg/dL)	0.77 (0.18)	0.83 (0.27)	0.25	0.76 (0.25)	0.80 (0.30)	0.481
CRP (mg/dL)	1.10 (2.46)	0.70 (1.35)	0.258	7.48 (5.66)	7.37 (3.73)	0.906
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	71.79 (14.48)	69.58 (16.97)	0.499	73.54 (16.76)	73.90 (21.62)	0.93
Hb (g/dL)	12.67 (1.29)	12.77 (2.12)	0.808	11.47 (1.32)	11.45 (1.59)	0.947
Ht (%)	37.76 (3.48)	38.09 (5.60)	0.746	34.63 (5.28)	34.04 (4.50)	0.539
PLT (10,000/µL)	23.86 (8.37)	23.20 (7.77)	0.68	18.92 (7.65)	18.26 (7.15)	0.653
PT (s)	12.17 (1.51)	12.37 (1.10)	0.466	15.10 (2.02)	16.27 (9.97)	0.549
APTT (s)	28.34 (2.64)	29.94 (6.66)	0.199	28.93 (6.68)	30.62 (6.65)	0.264
PT-INR	0.98 (0.11)	1.00 (0.10)	0.476	1.20 (0.15)	1.23 (0.17)	0.43
PT%	104.92 (22.24)	102.81 (18.84)	0.619	73.71 (13.38)	74.15 (14.83)	0.893
RBC (× 10⁶/µL)	4.11 (0.43)	4.18 (0.60)	0.538	3.72 (0.50)	3.77 (0.58)	0.647
WBC (× 10⁹/L)	5.64 (2.18)	6.52 (5.63)	0.366	10.15 (3.56)	10.88 (4.80)	0.413

Table 2. Blood Test Data

Preoperative (preparation, diagnosis, etc.)

Postoperative

Delayed group (n = 36)

Successful group (n = 81)

P value

Delayed group (n = 36)

Successful group (n = 81)

P value

Data are expressed as means (SD). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. ALT: alanine transaminase; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cre: creatinine; CRP: C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb: hemoglobin; Ht: hematocrit; PLT: platelet; PT%: prothrombin time activity; PT-INR: international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; RBC: red blood cell; WBC: white blood cell; SD: standard deviation.

ALT (U/L)

22.17 (12.11)

22.95 (20.22)

0.83

125.36 (191.72)

85.57 (129.34)

0.191

AST (U/L)

25.14 (14.56)

23.96 (18.12)

0.731

156.31 (228.11)

99.54 (146.20)

0.109

BUN (mg/dL)

12.83 (3.32)

14.90 (5.70)

0.045

13.85 (6.08)

15.11 (6.64)

0.332

Cre (mg/dL)

0.77 (0.18)

0.83 (0.27)

0.25

0.76 (0.25)

0.80 (0.30)

0.481

CRP (mg/dL)

1.10 (2.46)

0.70 (1.35)

0.258

7.48 (5.66)

7.37 (3.73)

0.906

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

71.79 (14.48)

69.58 (16.97)

0.499

73.54 (16.76)

73.90 (21.62)

0.93

Hb (g/dL)

12.67 (1.29)

12.77 (2.12)

0.808

11.47 (1.32)

11.45 (1.59)

0.947

Ht (%)

37.76 (3.48)

38.09 (5.60)

0.746

34.63 (5.28)

34.04 (4.50)

0.539

PLT (10,000/µL)

23.86 (8.37)

23.20 (7.77)

0.68

18.92 (7.65)

18.26 (7.15)

0.653

PT (s)

12.17 (1.51)

12.37 (1.10)

0.466

15.10 (2.02)

16.27 (9.97)

0.549

APTT (s)

28.34 (2.64)

29.94 (6.66)

0.199

28.93 (6.68)

30.62 (6.65)

0.264

PT-INR

0.98 (0.11)

1.00 (0.10)

0.476

1.20 (0.15)

1.23 (0.17)

0.43

PT%

104.92 (22.24)

102.81 (18.84)

0.619

73.71 (13.38)

74.15 (14.83)

0.893

RBC (× 10⁶/µL)

4.11 (0.43)

4.18 (0.60)

0.538

3.72 (0.50)

3.77 (0.58)

0.647

WBC (× 10⁹/L)

5.64 (2.18)

6.52 (5.63)

0.366

10.15 (3.56)

10.88 (4.80)

0.413

**Table 3.** Preoperative Factors
	Delayed group (n = 36)	Successful group (n = 81)	P value
Data are expressed as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. ASA-PS: American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status.
ASA-PS
1	5 (13.9)	7 (8.6)	0.61
2	19 (52.8)	49 (60.5)
3	12 (33.3)	25 (30.9)
Preoperative walking condition
Unique	35 (97.2)	77 (95.1)	> 0.999
Walking with a cane	1 (2.8)	3 (3.7)
Wheelchair	0 (0.0)	1 (1.2)
Bedridden	0	0

Table 3. Preoperative Factors

Delayed group (n = 36)

Successful group (n = 81)

P value

Data are expressed as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. ASA-PS: American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status.

ASA-PS

5 (13.9)

7 (8.6)

0.61

19 (52.8)

49 (60.5)

12 (33.3)

25 (30.9)

Preoperative walking condition

Unique

35 (97.2)

77 (95.1)

> 0.999

Walking with a cane

1 (2.8)

3 (3.7)

Wheelchair

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

Bedridden

**Table 4.** Intraoperative Factors
	Delayed group (n = 36)	Successful group (n = 81)	P value
Data are expressed as means (SD) or as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. IVPCA: intravenous patient-controlled analgesia; SD: standard deviation.
Anesthesia method
General anesthesia	4 (11.1)	4 (4.9)	0.094
General anesthesia + epidural anesthesia	31 (86.1)	62 (76.5)
General anesthesia + nerve block	0 (0.0)	7 (8.6)
General anesthesia + IVPCA	1 (2.8)	8 (9.9)
Operation time (min)	366.89 (164.04)	330.30 (157.88)	0.255

Table 4. Intraoperative Factors

Delayed group (n = 36)

Successful group (n = 81)

P value

Data are expressed as means (SD) or as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. IVPCA: intravenous patient-controlled analgesia; SD: standard deviation.

Anesthesia method

General anesthesia

4 (11.1)

4 (4.9)

0.094

General anesthesia + epidural anesthesia

31 (86.1)

62 (76.5)

General anesthesia + nerve block

0 (0.0)

7 (8.6)

General anesthesia + IVPCA

1 (2.8)

8 (9.9)

Operation time (min)

366.89 (164.04)

330.30 (157.88)

0.255

**Table 5.** Postoperative Analgesia Methods
	Delayed group (n = 36)	Successful group (n = 81)	P value
Data are expressed as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test.
Postoperative analgesia
Epidural continuous analgesia	32 (88.9)	66 (81.5)	0.534
Intravenous continuous analgesia	2 (5.6)	11 (13.6)
Sustained wound infiltration analgesia	1 (2.8)	3 (3.7)
Other	1 (2.8)	1 (1.2)

Table 5. Postoperative Analgesia Methods

Delayed group (n = 36)

Successful group (n = 81)

P value

Data are expressed as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test.

Postoperative analgesia

Epidural continuous analgesia

32 (88.9)

66 (81.5)

0.534

Intravenous continuous analgesia

2 (5.6)

11 (13.6)

Sustained wound infiltration analgesia

1 (2.8)

3 (3.7)

Other

1 (2.8)

1 (1.2)

**Table 6.** Postoperative Factors
	Delayed group (n = 36)	Successful group (n = 81)	P value
Data are expressed as means (SD) or as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. NRS: numerical rating scale; SD: standard deviation.
Used oral analgesics
Without	10 (27.8)	18 (22.2)	0.639
Existence (at the present moment)	26 (72.2)	63 (77.8)
PCA contents
Local anesthetic only	10 (27.8)	18 (22.2)	0.77
Narcotic + local anesthetic	4 (11.1)	9 (11.1)
Narcotic + local anesthetic + Droleptan	20 (55.6)	43 (53.1)
Narcotics + Droleptan	1 (2.8)	8 (9.9)
Narcotics only	1 (2.8)	3 (3.7)
Days until the patient could walk independently (days)	6.64 (5.27)	3.83 (2.37)	> 0.999
Days spent in hospital (JP)	39.36 (48.05)	25.02 (14.64)	0.016
NRS	4.25 (2.51)	2.48 (1.70)	< 0.001

Table 6. Postoperative Factors

Delayed group (n = 36)

Successful group (n = 81)

P value

Data are expressed as means (SD) or as n (%). Categorical and continuous variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test. NRS: numerical rating scale; SD: standard deviation.

Used oral analgesics

Without

10 (27.8)

18 (22.2)

0.639

Existence (at the present moment)

26 (72.2)

63 (77.8)

PCA contents

Local anesthetic only

10 (27.8)

18 (22.2)

0.77

Narcotic + local anesthetic

4 (11.1)

9 (11.1)

Narcotic + local anesthetic + Droleptan

20 (55.6)

43 (53.1)

Narcotics + Droleptan

1 (2.8)

8 (9.9)

Narcotics only

1 (2.8)

3 (3.7)

Days until the patient could walk independently (days)

6.64 (5.27)

3.83 (2.37)

> 0.999

Days spent in hospital (JP)

39.36 (48.05)

25.02 (14.64)

0.016

NRS

4.25 (2.51)

2.48 (1.70)

< 0.001