J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 5, May 2021, pages 276-282

Clinical Significance of the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Postmenopausal Women With Hypercholesterolemia

**Table 1.** Baseline Clinical Characteristics of the Patients
n	168
Continuous values are mean ± SD. hs-CRP levels are presented as the median (25%, 75%). LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBPT: whole blood passage time; AU: arbitrary unit; Max-C-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.
Age (years)	63 ± 10
Body mass index (kg/m²)	21.8 ± 4.0
Smoker, n (%)	12 (7)
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	122 ± 12
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	75 ± 9
Pulse rate (/min)	68 ± 10
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	258 ± 25
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	165 ± 21
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	99 ± 52
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	73 ± 13
Non-HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	185 ± 24
LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol	2.3 ± 0.6
Triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol	1.5 ± 0.9
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dlL)	91 ± 22
Hemoglobin A1c (%)	5.6 ± 0.9
Triglyceride-glucose index	8.2 ± 0.6
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	67 ± 21
hs-CRP (mg/dL)	0.050 (0.020, 0.110)
Log-hs-CRP (mg/dL)	-1.4 ± 0.7
WBPT (s)	56 ± 13
Skin autofluorescence (AU)	2.4 ± 0.7
Max-C-IMT (mm)	0.9 ± 0.4
CAVI	8.4 ± 1.2

Table 1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics of the Patients

168

Continuous values are mean ± SD. hs-CRP levels are presented as the median (25%, 75%). LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBPT: whole blood passage time; AU: arbitrary unit; Max-C-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.

Age (years)

63 ± 10

Body mass index (kg/m²)

21.8 ± 4.0

Smoker, n (%)

12 (7)

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

122 ± 12

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

75 ± 9

Pulse rate (/min)

68 ± 10

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

258 ± 25

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

165 ± 21

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

99 ± 52

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

73 ± 13

Non-HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

185 ± 24

LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol

2.3 ± 0.6

Triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol

1.5 ± 0.9

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dlL)

91 ± 22

Hemoglobin A1c (%)

5.6 ± 0.9

Triglyceride-glucose index

8.2 ± 0.6

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

67 ± 21

hs-CRP (mg/dL)

0.050 (0.020, 0.110)

Log-hs-CRP (mg/dL)

-1.4 ± 0.7

WBPT (s)

56 ± 13

Skin autofluorescence (AU)

2.4 ± 0.7

Max-C-IMT (mm)

0.9 ± 0.4

CAVI

8.4 ± 1.2

**Table 2.** Correlations Between CAVI and Various Clinical Parameters
	r	P value
r expressed correlation coefficient. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBPT: whole blood passage time; Max-C-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.
Age	0.33	< 0.001
Body mass index	0.01	0.902
Smoker (no = 0, yes = 1)	0.29	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure	0.14	0.067
Diastolic blood pressure	-0.10	0.194
Pulse rate	0.08	0.256
Total cholesterol	0.00	0.949
LDL cholesterol	0.06	0.408
Triglyceride	0.00	0.980
HDL cholesterol	-0.09	0.236
Non-HDL cholesterol	0.06	0.449
LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol	0.08	0.257
Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol	0.00	0.954
Fasting blood glucose	0.11	0.142
Hemoglobin A1c	0.33	< 0.001
Triglyceride-glucose index	0.07	0.344
eGFR	-0.18	0.017
Log-hs-CRP	0.36	< 0.001
WBPT	0.41	< 0.001
Skin autofluorescence	0.46	< 0.001
Max-C-IMT	0.49	< 0.001

Table 2. Correlations Between CAVI and Various Clinical Parameters

P value

r expressed correlation coefficient. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBPT: whole blood passage time; Max-C-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index.

Age

0.33

< 0.001

Body mass index

0.01

0.902

Smoker (no = 0, yes = 1)

0.29

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure

0.14

0.067

Diastolic blood pressure

-0.10

0.194

Pulse rate

0.08

0.256

Total cholesterol

0.00

0.949

LDL cholesterol

0.06

0.408

Triglyceride

0.00

0.980

HDL cholesterol

-0.09

0.236

Non-HDL cholesterol

0.06

0.449

LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol

0.08

0.257

Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol

0.00

0.954

Fasting blood glucose

0.11

0.142

Hemoglobin A1c

0.33

< 0.001

Triglyceride-glucose index

0.07

0.344

eGFR

-0.18

0.017

Log-hs-CRP

0.36

< 0.001

WBPT

0.41

< 0.001

Skin autofluorescence

0.46

< 0.001

Max-C-IMT

0.49

< 0.001

**Table 3.** Multiple Regression Analyses for CAVI and Max-C-IMT
Explanatory factor	β	P value
For section A: subordinate factor is CAVI. R² = 0.48, P < 0.001. For section B: subordinate factor is Max-C-IMT. R² = 0.30, P < 0.001. Explanatory factors were selected by significant variables in univariate analysis. Max-C-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery; WBPT: whole blood passage time; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; β: standardized regression coefficient; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index; R²: coefficient of determination.
A
Max-C-IMT	0.35	< 0.001
WBPT	0.18	0.007
Skin autofluorescence	0.17	0.011
Age	0.16	0.018
Hemoglobin A1c	0.13	0.064
Log-hs-CRP	0.11	0.073
Smoker	0.06	0.319
eGFR	-0.05	0.503
B
CAVI	0.45	< 0.001
Skin autofluorescence	0.17	0.023
Age	0.16	0.040
WBPT	0.14	0.092
eGFR	-0.13	0.124
Smoker	0.11	0.176
Log-hs-CRP	0.07	0.412

Table 3. Multiple Regression Analyses for CAVI and Max-C-IMT

Explanatory factor

P value

For section A: subordinate factor is CAVI. R² = 0.48, P < 0.001. For section B: subordinate factor is Max-C-IMT. R² = 0.30, P < 0.001. Explanatory factors were selected by significant variables in univariate analysis. Max-C-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery; WBPT: whole blood passage time; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; β: standardized regression coefficient; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index; R²: coefficient of determination.

Max-C-IMT

0.35

< 0.001

WBPT

0.18

0.007

Skin autofluorescence

0.17

0.011

Age

0.16

0.018

Hemoglobin A1c

0.13

0.064

Log-hs-CRP

0.11

0.073

Smoker

0.06

0.319

eGFR

-0.05

0.503

CAVI

0.45

< 0.001

Skin autofluorescence

0.17

0.023

Age

0.16

0.040

WBPT

0.14

0.092

eGFR

-0.13

0.124

Smoker

0.11

0.176

Log-hs-CRP

0.07

0.412