J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 13, Number 3, March 2021, pages 164-169

Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Infection Is a Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis

**Table 1.** Age- and Sex-Specific Prevalence of Anti-HTLV-1
Age (years)	Male	Female	Total
HTLV-1: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1.
10 - 19	0	0	1	0	1	0
20 - 29	2	0	8	1 (12.5)	10	1 (10.0)
30 - 39	31	1 (3.2)	57	4 (7.5)	88	5 (5.7)
40 - 49	48	3 (6.3)	90	7 (7.8)	138	10 (7.2)
50 - 59	63	7 (11.1)	207	30 (14.5)	270	37 (13.7)
60 - 69	143	20 (14.0)	301	77 (25.6)	444	97 (21.8)
70 - 79	161	34 (21.1)	249	75 (30.1)	410	109 (26.6)
80 or over	34	4 (11.8)	29	9 (31.0)	63	13 (20.6)
Total	482	69 (14.3)	942	203 (21.5)	1424	272 (19.1)

Table 1. Age- and Sex-Specific Prevalence of Anti-HTLV-1

Age (years)

Male

Female

Total

No. tested

Anti-HTLV-1 positive, No. (%)

No. tested

Anti-HTLV-1 positive, No. (%)

No. tested

Anti-HTLV-1 positive, No. (%)

HTLV-1: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1.

10 - 19

20 - 29

1 (12.5)

1 (10.0)

30 - 39

1 (3.2)

4 (7.5)

5 (5.7)

40 - 49

3 (6.3)

7 (7.8)

138

10 (7.2)

50 - 59

7 (11.1)

207

30 (14.5)

270

37 (13.7)

60 - 69

143

20 (14.0)

301

77 (25.6)

444

97 (21.8)

70 - 79

161

34 (21.1)

249

75 (30.1)

410

109 (26.6)

80 or over

4 (11.8)

9 (31.0)

13 (20.6)

Total

482

69 (14.3)

942

203 (21.5)

1424

272 (19.1)

**Table 2.** Clinical Characteristics
	HTLV-1 positive (n = 272)	HTLV-1 negative (n = 1,152)	P-value
^aAverage ± standard deviation (range). HTLV: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Max-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness; PWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.
Age (years)^a	66.7 ± 9.7	61.1 ± 13.1	< 0.01
Male (%)	69 (25.4)	413 (35.8)	0.179
BMI (kg/m²)^a	22.8 ± 2.9	23.2 ± 3.3	0.100
SBP (mm Hg)^a	135.9 ± 19.5	135.5 ± 21.2	0.723
DBP (mm Hg)^a	78.8 ± 9.7	79.5 ± 11.0	0.307
FBG ≥ 126 (mg/dL) (%)	16 (5.9)	47 (4.1)	0.255
HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (%)	16 (5.9)	28 (2.1)	< 0.01
Smoking (past (present)) (%)	46 (16.9)	267 (23.2)	0.03
Total cholesterol^a	207.4 ± 31.9	207.8 ± 34.5	0.143
Triglyceride^a	100.9 ± 48.8	101.0 ± 60.2	0.495
HDL-C^a	62.8 ± 15.6	63.5 ± 15.6	0.249
LDL-C^a	124.4 ± 28.9	124.1 ± 31.4	0.444
C-reactive protein^a	0.068 ± 0.004	0.066 ± 0.002	0.720
Max-IMT (mm)	1.15 ± 0.55	1.08 ± 0.61	0.04
PWV (cm/s)	1,760.6 ± 414.5	1,657.1 ± 425.5	< 0.01

Table 2. Clinical Characteristics

HTLV-1 positive (n = 272)

HTLV-1 negative (n = 1,152)

P-value

^aAverage ± standard deviation (range). HTLV: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Max-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness; PWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

Age (years)^a

66.7 ± 9.7

61.1 ± 13.1

< 0.01

Male (%)

69 (25.4)

413 (35.8)

0.179

BMI (kg/m²)^a

22.8 ± 2.9

23.2 ± 3.3

0.100

SBP (mm Hg)^a

135.9 ± 19.5

135.5 ± 21.2

0.723

DBP (mm Hg)^a

78.8 ± 9.7

79.5 ± 11.0

0.307

FBG ≥ 126 (mg/dL) (%)

16 (5.9)

47 (4.1)

0.255

HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (%)

16 (5.9)

28 (2.1)

< 0.01

Smoking (past (present)) (%)

46 (16.9)

267 (23.2)

0.03

Total cholesterol^a

207.4 ± 31.9

207.8 ± 34.5

0.143

Triglyceride^a

100.9 ± 48.8

101.0 ± 60.2

0.495

HDL-C^a

62.8 ± 15.6

63.5 ± 15.6

0.249

LDL-C^a

124.4 ± 28.9

124.1 ± 31.4

0.444

C-reactive protein^a

0.068 ± 0.004

0.066 ± 0.002

0.720

Max-IMT (mm)

1.15 ± 0.55

1.08 ± 0.61

0.04

PWV (cm/s)

1,760.6 ± 414.5

1,657.1 ± 425.5

< 0.01

**Table 3.** Impact of HTLV-1 on Carotid Plaque
	Max-IMT 1.1 mm or over	Crude OR	95% CI	P-value	Multivariable-adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value
HTLV-1: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1; Max-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
HTLV-1 positive (%)	103 (37.9)	1.66	1.25 - 2.18	< 0.01	1.39	1.02 - 1.89	< 0.01
HTLV-1 negative (%)	310 (26.9)	Reference			Reference

Table 3. Impact of HTLV-1 on Carotid Plaque

Max-IMT 1.1 mm or over

Crude OR

95% CI

P-value

Multivariable-adjusted OR

95% CI

P-value

HTLV-1: human T-cell leukemia virus type 1; Max-IMT: maximum intima-media thickness; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

HTLV-1 positive (%)

103 (37.9)

1.66

1.25 - 2.18

< 0.01

1.39

1.02 - 1.89

< 0.01

HTLV-1 negative (%)

310 (26.9)

Reference