J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website https://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 11, November 2020, pages 734-739

Associations Between High Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Presence and Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Who Have Undergone Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography

Figure 1. %CAD (a), number of VD (b) and Gensini score (c) in the low, normal, high and very-high HDL-C groups. CAD: coronary artery disease; VD: vessel disease; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. ^†P < 0.05, *P < 0.01, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001.

**Table 1.** Patient Characteristics in All Patients and the Low, Normal, High and Very-High HDL-C Groups
	All patients (n = 1,016)	Low HDL-C (n = 115)	Normal HDL-C (n = 530)	High HDL-C (n = 335)	Very-high HDL-C (n = 36)	P for trend
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. BMI: body mass index; DL: dyslipidemia; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBS: fasting blood sugar; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DPP-4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; ARB/ACEI: angiotensin II receptor blocker/angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; CCB: calcium channel blocker.
Age (years)	66 ± 12	64 ± 11	65 ± 12	66 ± 11	64 ± 11	0.40
Male, n (%)	494 (49)	85 (74)	289 (55)	110 (33)	10 (28)	< 0.01
BMI, kg/m²	23.9 ± 3.8	25.0 ± 3.9	24.7 ± 3.8	22.6 ± 3.3	21.3 ± 2.9	< 0.01
Smoking, n (%)	342 (34)	58 (50)	193 (36)	82 (25)	9 (25)	< 0.01
DL, n (%)	547 (54)	74 (64)	298 (56)	163 (30)	12 (33)	< 0.01
TG, mg/dL	136 ± 98	188 ± 104	149 ± 112	103 ± 54	75 ± 29	< 0.01
HDL-C, mg/dL	56 ± 16	35 ± 4	50 ± 5	70 ± 8	101 ± 10	< 0.01
LDL-C, mg/dL	115 ± 32	113 ± 39	116 ± 31	117 ± 31	109 ± 38	0.46
DM, n (%)	206 (20)	31 (27)	122 (23)	50 (15)	3 (8.3)	< 0.01
HbA1c, %	6.0 ± 0.9	6.1 ± 0.9	6.0 ± 0.9	5.9 ± 0.8	5.9 ± 1.0	0.18
FBS, mg/dL	108 ± 30	109 ± 24	110 ± 33	106 ± 29	104 ± 20	0.33
HTN, n (%)	645 (64)	80 (70)	359 (68)	186 (56)	20 (56)	< 0.01
SBP, mm Hg	136 ± 19	135 ± 18	136 ± 20	135 ± 19	137 ± 19	0.63
DBP, mm Hg	78 ± 13	79 ± 12	78 ± 13	77 ± 12	75 ± 14	0.47
Medications
Statin, n (%)	319 (31)	34 (30)	177 (33)	99 (30)	9 (25)	0.50
Fibrate, n (%)	11 (1.1)	2 (1.7)	6 (1.1)	3 (0.9)	0 (0)	0.81
Ezetimib, n (%)	18 (1.8)	1 (0.9)	10 (1.9)	7 (2.1)	0 (0)	0.70
EPA, n (%)	33 (3.2)	4 (3.5)	19 (3.6)	10 (3.0)	0 (0)	0.68
Biguanide, n (%)	64 (6.3)	13 (11)	35 (6.6)	16 (4.8)	0 (0)	0.03
DPP-4I, n (%)	110 (11)	12 (10)	73 (14)	23 (6.9)	2 (5.6)	0.01
Insulin, n (%)	29 (2.9)	6 (5.2)	13 (2.5)	8 (2.4)	2 (5.6)	0.28
ARB/ACEI, n (%)	369 (36)	49 (43)	207 (39)	103 (31)	10 (28)	0.02
CCB, n (%)	384 (38)	45 (39)	206 (39)	119 (36)	14 (39)	0.78
β-blocker, n (%)	91 (9.0)	12 (10)	53 (10)	24 (7.2)	2 (5.6)	0.41
Diuretics, n (%)	88 (8.7)	7 (6.1)	57 (11)	22 (6.6)	2 (5.6)	0.10

Table 1. Patient Characteristics in All Patients and the Low, Normal, High and Very-High HDL-C Groups

All patients (n = 1,016)

Low HDL-C (n = 115)

Normal HDL-C (n = 530)

High HDL-C (n = 335)

Very-high HDL-C (n = 36)

P for trend

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. BMI: body mass index; DL: dyslipidemia; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DM: diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; FBS: fasting blood sugar; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DPP-4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; ARB/ACEI: angiotensin II receptor blocker/angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; CCB: calcium channel blocker.

Age (years)

66 ± 12

64 ± 11

65 ± 12

66 ± 11

64 ± 11

0.40

Male, n (%)

494 (49)

85 (74)

289 (55)

110 (33)

10 (28)

< 0.01

BMI, kg/m²

23.9 ± 3.8

25.0 ± 3.9

24.7 ± 3.8

22.6 ± 3.3

21.3 ± 2.9

< 0.01

Smoking, n (%)

342 (34)

58 (50)

193 (36)

82 (25)

9 (25)

< 0.01

DL, n (%)

547 (54)

74 (64)

298 (56)

163 (30)

12 (33)

< 0.01

TG, mg/dL

136 ± 98

188 ± 104

149 ± 112

103 ± 54

75 ± 29

< 0.01

HDL-C, mg/dL

56 ± 16

35 ± 4

50 ± 5

70 ± 8

101 ± 10

< 0.01

LDL-C, mg/dL

115 ± 32

113 ± 39

116 ± 31

117 ± 31

109 ± 38

0.46

DM, n (%)

206 (20)

31 (27)

122 (23)

50 (15)

3 (8.3)

< 0.01

HbA1c, %

6.0 ± 0.9

6.1 ± 0.9

6.0 ± 0.9

5.9 ± 0.8

5.9 ± 1.0

0.18

FBS, mg/dL

108 ± 30

109 ± 24

110 ± 33

106 ± 29

104 ± 20

0.33

HTN, n (%)

645 (64)

80 (70)

359 (68)

186 (56)

20 (56)

< 0.01

SBP, mm Hg

136 ± 19

135 ± 18

136 ± 20

135 ± 19

137 ± 19

0.63

DBP, mm Hg

78 ± 13

79 ± 12

78 ± 13

77 ± 12

75 ± 14

0.47

Medications

Statin, n (%)

319 (31)

34 (30)

177 (33)

99 (30)

9 (25)

0.50

Fibrate, n (%)

11 (1.1)

2 (1.7)

6 (1.1)

3 (0.9)

0 (0)

0.81

Ezetimib, n (%)

18 (1.8)

1 (0.9)

10 (1.9)

7 (2.1)

0 (0)

0.70

EPA, n (%)

33 (3.2)

4 (3.5)

19 (3.6)

10 (3.0)

0 (0)

0.68

Biguanide, n (%)

64 (6.3)

13 (11)

35 (6.6)

16 (4.8)

0 (0)

0.03

DPP-4I, n (%)

110 (11)

12 (10)

73 (14)

23 (6.9)

2 (5.6)

0.01

Insulin, n (%)

29 (2.9)

6 (5.2)

13 (2.5)

8 (2.4)

2 (5.6)

0.28

ARB/ACEI, n (%)

369 (36)

49 (43)

207 (39)

103 (31)

10 (28)

0.02

CCB, n (%)

384 (38)

45 (39)

206 (39)

119 (36)

14 (39)

0.78

β-blocker, n (%)

91 (9.0)

12 (10)

53 (10)

24 (7.2)

2 (5.6)

0.41

Diuretics, n (%)

88 (8.7)

7 (6.1)

57 (11)

22 (6.6)

2 (5.6)

0.10

**Table 2.** Independent Predictors of CAD
	OR	95% CI	P value
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
Age	1.05	1.04 - 1.07	< 0.0001
Male	2.06	1.52 - 2.81	< 0.0001
BMI	0.99	0.95 - 1.03	0.73
SBP	1.02	1.01 - 1.03	< 0.01
DBP	1.00	0.99 - 1.01	0.87
TG	1.00	1.00 - 1.00	0.60
HDL-C	0.98	0.97 - 0.99	< 0.0001
LDL-C	1.00	0.99 - 1.00	0.58
HbA1c	1.32	1.12 - 1.57	< 0.01

Table 2. Independent Predictors of CAD

95% CI

P value

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

Age

1.05

1.04 - 1.07

< 0.0001

Male

2.06

1.52 - 2.81

< 0.0001

BMI

0.99

0.95 - 1.03

0.73

SBP

1.02

1.01 - 1.03

< 0.01

DBP

1.00

0.99 - 1.01

0.87

1.00

1.00 - 1.00

0.60

HDL-C

0.98

0.97 - 0.99

< 0.0001

LDL-C

1.00

0.99 - 1.00

0.58

HbA1c

1.32

1.12 - 1.57

< 0.01