J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 12, Number 4, April 2020, pages 243-250

Cannabis Use in Inpatients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders at a Community Hospital

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Baseline Study Population by Cannabis Use(CU)^a
Variables	Cannabis users (41.5%, n = 133)	Non-cannabis users (58.5%, n = 189)	Total (100%, n = 322)
^aNote that all patients included in this study were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). ^bBased on Wilcoxon two-sample test, and all other analyses are based on χ² test. IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation.
Age group (%, n)
Young adults (18 - 42 )	66.9 (89)	41.8 (79)	52.2 (168)
Older adults (≥ 43)	33.1 (44)	67.2 (110)	47.8 (154)
Median age (IQR, SD)	36 (19, 10.7)	46 (22, 13.5)	< 0.0001^b
Mean length of stay, days (IQR, SD)	11 (7, 13.2)	12 (9, 10.1)	0.0268^b
Gender (%, n)
Male	77.4 (103)	64.0 (121)	69.6 (224)
Female	21.8 (29)	34.9 (66)	29.5 (95)
Transfemale	0.75 (1)	1.1 (2)	1.0 (3)
Race (%, n)
African American	78.2 (104)	76.2 (144)	77.0 (248)
White	5.2 (7)	8.5 (16)	7.1 (23)
Hispanic	15.0 (20)	11.6 (22)	13.0 (42)
Others	1.5 (2)	3.7 (7)	2.8 (9)
Employment status (%, n)
Unemployed	97.7 (130)	95.8 (181)	96.6 (311)
Employed	2.3 (3)	4.2 (8)	3.4 (11)
Marital status (%, n)
Single	95.5 (127)	95.3 (180)	95.3 (307)
Married	4.5 (6)	4.8 (9)	4.7 (15)
Living arrangement (%, n)
Homeless	53.4 (71)	49.2 (93)	50.1 (164)
Domiciled	46.6 (62)	50.8 (96)	49.1 (158)
Readmitted within 30 days (%, n)
Yes	12.0 (16)	15.3 (29)	14.0 (45)
No	87.9 (117)	84.7 (160)	6.0 (277)
Tobacco use (%, n)
Yes	74.4 (99)	49.7 (94)	60.0 (193)
No	24.1 (32)	45.0 (85)	36.3 (117)
Amphetamine use (%, n)
Yes	2.3 (3)	1.6 (3)	1.9 (6)
No	97.7 (130)	97.9 (185)	97.8 (315)
Alcohol use (%, n)
Yes	43.6 (58)	34.4 (65)	38.2 (123)
No	54.9 (73)	61.9 (117)	59.0 (190)
Cocaine use (%, n)
Yes	31.2 (42)	24.3 (46)	27.2 (88)
No	68.4 (92)	75.7 (143)	72.7 (234)
Synthetic cannabinoid use (%, n)
Yes	6.0 (8)	3.2 (6)	4.3 (14)
No	70.2 (94)	61.9 (117)	65.3 (211)
Opioids use (%, n)
Yes	3.0 (4)	5.3 (10)	4.3 (14)
No	97.0 (129)	179 (94.7)	95.7 (308)
Co-occurring substance use (%, n)
Yes	100 (133)	59.8 (113)	76.4 (246)
No	0 (0)	40.2 (76)	23.6 (76)
Benzodiazepine use (%, n)
Yes	1.5 (2)	4.8 (9)	3.4 (11)
No	98.5 (131)	95.2 (180)	96.6 (311)

Table 1. Characteristics of Baseline Study Population by Cannabis Use(CU)^a

Variables

Cannabis users (41.5%, n = 133)

Non-cannabis users (58.5%, n = 189)

Total (100%, n = 322)

^aNote that all patients included in this study were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). ^bBased on Wilcoxon two-sample test, and all other analyses are based on χ² test. IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation.

Age group (%, n)

Young adults (18 - 42 )

66.9 (89)

41.8 (79)

52.2 (168)

Older adults (≥ 43)

33.1 (44)

67.2 (110)

47.8 (154)

Median age (IQR, SD)

36 (19, 10.7)

46 (22, 13.5)

< 0.0001^b

Mean length of stay, days (IQR, SD)

11 (7, 13.2)

12 (9, 10.1)

0.0268^b

Gender (%, n)

Male

77.4 (103)

64.0 (121)

69.6 (224)

Female

21.8 (29)

34.9 (66)

29.5 (95)

Transfemale

0.75 (1)

1.1 (2)

1.0 (3)

Race (%, n)

African American

78.2 (104)

76.2 (144)

77.0 (248)

White

5.2 (7)

8.5 (16)

7.1 (23)

Hispanic

15.0 (20)

11.6 (22)

13.0 (42)

Others

1.5 (2)

3.7 (7)

2.8 (9)

Employment status (%, n)

Unemployed

97.7 (130)

95.8 (181)

96.6 (311)

Employed

2.3 (3)

4.2 (8)

3.4 (11)

Marital status (%, n)

Single

95.5 (127)

95.3 (180)

95.3 (307)

Married

4.5 (6)

4.8 (9)

4.7 (15)

Living arrangement (%, n)

Homeless

53.4 (71)

49.2 (93)

50.1 (164)

Domiciled

46.6 (62)

50.8 (96)

49.1 (158)

Readmitted within 30 days (%, n)

Yes

12.0 (16)

15.3 (29)

14.0 (45)

87.9 (117)

84.7 (160)

6.0 (277)

Tobacco use (%, n)

Yes

74.4 (99)

49.7 (94)

60.0 (193)

24.1 (32)

45.0 (85)

36.3 (117)

Amphetamine use (%, n)

Yes

2.3 (3)

1.6 (3)

1.9 (6)

97.7 (130)

97.9 (185)

97.8 (315)

Alcohol use (%, n)

Yes

43.6 (58)

34.4 (65)

38.2 (123)

54.9 (73)

61.9 (117)

59.0 (190)

Cocaine use (%, n)

Yes

31.2 (42)

24.3 (46)

27.2 (88)

68.4 (92)

75.7 (143)

72.7 (234)

Synthetic cannabinoid use (%, n)

Yes

6.0 (8)

3.2 (6)

4.3 (14)

70.2 (94)

61.9 (117)

65.3 (211)

Opioids use (%, n)

Yes

3.0 (4)

5.3 (10)

4.3 (14)

97.0 (129)

179 (94.7)

95.7 (308)

Co-occurring substance use (%, n)

Yes

100 (133)

59.8 (113)

76.4 (246)

0 (0)

40.2 (76)

23.6 (76)

Benzodiazepine use (%, n)

Yes

1.5 (2)

4.8 (9)

3.4 (11)

98.5 (131)

95.2 (180)

96.6 (311)

**Table 2.** Unadjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) of Cannabis Use in Relation to Sociodemographic Factors, Substance Use Status and Hospital Length of Stay, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and P Values From Bivariate Logistic Regression Models (n = 322)^a
Variables	Unadjusted OR^b	95% CI	P-value
^aNote that all patients included in this study were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). ^bNote that 42 missing cases for cannabis use were removed from analysis (i.e. 364 - 42 = 322).
Age
Young vs. older adults	2.82	1.77 - 4.47	< 0.0001
Gender
Male vs. female	2.94	2.16 - 3.22	0.0110
Race
African American vs. White	1.65	0.66 - 4.16	0.2873
Hispanic vs. White	2.08	0.70 - 6.09	0.1824
Others vs. White	0.65	0.11 - 3.97	0.6436
Employment status
Unemployed vs. employed	3.91	3.49 - 7.35	0.0443
Tobacco
Smokers vs. non-smokers	2.80	1.71 - 4.59	< 0.0001
Marital status
Single vs. married	1.10	0.37 - 3.05	0.9167
Living arrangement
Homeless vs. domiciled	3.18	2.76 - 3.84	0.0205
Readmitted within 30 days
Yes vs. no	0.75	0.39 - 0.95	0.0195
Alcohol use
Yes vs. no	3.43	2.90 - 6.96	0.0267
Cocaine use
Yes vs. no	4.44	3.87 - 5.35	0.0321
Synthetic cannabinoid use
Yes vs. no	1.66	0.56 - 4.95	0.3636
Hospital length of stay
> 12 days vs. 0 - 12 days	3.46	2.93 - 4.31	0.0021

Table 2. Unadjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) of Cannabis Use in Relation to Sociodemographic Factors, Substance Use Status and Hospital Length of Stay, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and P Values From Bivariate Logistic Regression Models (n = 322)^a

Variables

Unadjusted OR^b

95% CI

P-value

^aNote that all patients included in this study were diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). ^bNote that 42 missing cases for cannabis use were removed from analysis (i.e. 364 - 42 = 322).

Age

Young vs. older adults

2.82

1.77 - 4.47

< 0.0001

Gender

Male vs. female

2.94

2.16 - 3.22

0.0110

Race

African American vs. White

1.65

0.66 - 4.16

0.2873

Hispanic vs. White

2.08

0.70 - 6.09

0.1824

Others vs. White

0.65

0.11 - 3.97

0.6436

Employment status

Unemployed vs. employed

3.91

3.49 - 7.35

0.0443

Tobacco

Smokers vs. non-smokers

2.80

1.71 - 4.59

< 0.0001

Marital status

Single vs. married

1.10

0.37 - 3.05

0.9167

Living arrangement

Homeless vs. domiciled

3.18

2.76 - 3.84

0.0205

Readmitted within 30 days

Yes vs. no

0.75

0.39 - 0.95

0.0195

Alcohol use

Yes vs. no

3.43

2.90 - 6.96

0.0267

Cocaine use

Yes vs. no

4.44

3.87 - 5.35

0.0321

Synthetic cannabinoid use

Yes vs. no

1.66

0.56 - 4.95

0.3636

Hospital length of stay

> 12 days vs. 0 - 12 days

3.46

2.93 - 4.31

0.0021

**Table 3.** Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) of Cannabis Use in Relation to Sociodemographic Factors, Substance Use Status and Hospital Length of Stay, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and P Values From Multivariate Logistic Regression Model (n = 322)
Variables^a	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value
^aAll covariates in the unadjusted model (i.e. regardless of statistical significance) were included in the multivariate analysis.
Age
Young vs. older adults	3.36	1.96 - 5.76	< 0.0001
Gender
Male vs. female	1.98	1.10 - 3.57	0.0223
Race
African American vs. White	1.15	0.40 - 3.30	0.7901
Hispanic vs. White	1.07	0.31 - 3.66	0.9117
Others vs. White	0.32	0.04 - 2.59	0.2870
Employment status
Unemployed vs. employed	2.29	1.53 - 6.90	0.0382
Tobacco
Smokers vs. non-smokers	2.76	1.55 - 4.91	0.0006
Marital status
Single vs. married	1.08	0.31 - 3.70	0.9084
Living arrangement
Homeless vs. domiciled	2.19	1.71 - 2.99	0.0151
Readmitted within 30 days
Yes vs. no	0.78	0.38 - 0.91	0.0334
Alcohol use
Yes vs. no	1.68	1.35 - 2.14	0.0340
Cocaine use
Yes vs. no	2.99	2.54 - 3.83	0.0184
Synthetic cannabinoid use
Yes vs. no	1.07	0.25 - 2.98	0.8251
Hospital length of stay
> 12 days vs. 0 - 12 days	2.41	1.83 - 3.39	0.0132

Table 3. Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) of Cannabis Use in Relation to Sociodemographic Factors, Substance Use Status and Hospital Length of Stay, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) and P Values From Multivariate Logistic Regression Model (n = 322)

Variables^a

Adjusted OR

95% CI

P-value

^aAll covariates in the unadjusted model (i.e. regardless of statistical significance) were included in the multivariate analysis.

Age

Young vs. older adults

3.36

1.96 - 5.76

< 0.0001

Gender

Male vs. female

1.98

1.10 - 3.57

0.0223

Race

African American vs. White

1.15

0.40 - 3.30

0.7901

Hispanic vs. White

1.07

0.31 - 3.66

0.9117

Others vs. White

0.32

0.04 - 2.59

0.2870

Employment status

Unemployed vs. employed

2.29

1.53 - 6.90

0.0382

Tobacco

Smokers vs. non-smokers

2.76

1.55 - 4.91

0.0006

Marital status

Single vs. married

1.08

0.31 - 3.70

0.9084

Living arrangement

Homeless vs. domiciled

2.19

1.71 - 2.99

0.0151

Readmitted within 30 days

Yes vs. no

0.78

0.38 - 0.91

0.0334

Alcohol use

Yes vs. no

1.68

1.35 - 2.14

0.0340

Cocaine use

Yes vs. no

2.99

2.54 - 3.83

0.0184

Synthetic cannabinoid use

Yes vs. no

1.07

0.25 - 2.98

0.8251

Hospital length of stay

> 12 days vs. 0 - 12 days

2.41

1.83 - 3.39

0.0132

**Table 4.** Deviance and Pearson Goodness-of-Fit Statistics
Criterion	Value	df	Value/df	Pearson χ²
Deviance	219.84	209	1.05	0.0017
Pearson	223.47	209	1.10	0.1179

Table 4. Deviance and Pearson Goodness-of-Fit Statistics

Criterion

Value

Value/df

Pearson χ²

Deviance

219.84

209

1.05

0.0017

Pearson

223.47

209

1.10

0.1179