J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 12, December 2019, pages 818-824

Associations of ABC (Hemoglobin A1c, Blood Pressure and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) Goal Achievement With Chronic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Preserved Kidney Function

Figure 1. Mean (± SE) log urinary ACR and the percentage of patients with albuminuria (ACR ≥ 30 mg/g) at baseline according to the number of ABC (HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-C) goal achievement. Among 168 patients with type 2 diabetes, 47, 45, 63 and 13 patients achieved triple-goal, dual-goal, single-goal and no-goal, respectively, at baseline. SE: standard error; ACR: albumin-to-creatinine ratio; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 2. Maximum and mean carotid IMT at baseline according to the number of ABC (HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-C) goal achievement (mean ± SE). See Figure 1 for the number of patients in each goal achievers. IMT: intima-media thickness; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SE: standard error.

Figure 3. The percentage of deterioration of glomerular filtration rate stages over a median follow-up of 6.0 years according to the number of ABC (HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-C) goal achievement at baseline. See Figure 1 for the number of patients in each goal achievers. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 4. The percentage of deterioration of albuminuric stages over a median follow-up of 6.0 years according to the number of ABC (HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-C) goal achievement at baseline. See Figure 1 for the number of patients in each goal achievers. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

**Table 1.** Anthropometric and Clinical Characteristics of Patients at Baseline According to the Number of Goal Achievement
	Triple-goal achievers (n = 47)	Dual-goal achievers (n = 45)	Single-goal achievers (n = 63)	No-goal achievers (n = 13)	P values
Mean ± SE or n (%). SE: standard error; OHA: oral anti-diabetes drugs; RASi: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; BMI: body mass index.
Male sex, n (%)	20 (42.6%)	30 (66.7%)	35 (55.6%)	5 (38.5%)	0.08
Smokers, n (%)	12 (25.5%)	18 (40.0%)	24 (38.1%)	4 (30.8%)	0.29
Age (years)	62.1 ± 1.5	62.6 ± 1.3	62.1 ± 1.4	63.8 ± 2.9	0.95
BMI (kg/m²)	23.8 ± 0.5	23.9 ± 0.6	24.6 ± 0.5	25.0 ± 0.5	0.53
Waist circumference (cm)	85.9 ± 1.4	85.0 ± 1.2	88.7 ± 1.5	88.4 ± 1.5	0.22
Diabetes duration (years)	7.4 ± 0.7	12.2 ± 1.2	9.6 ± 0.9	12.1 ± 2.3	0.01
Diabetes therapy, n (%)
Diet/exercise	19 (40.4%)	15 (33.3%)	18 (29%)	1 (7.7%)	0.26
OHA	24 (51.1%)	22 (48.9%)	32 (50.8%)	7 (53.8%)	0.99
Insulin	4 (8.5%)	8 (17.8%)	13 (20.6%)	5 (38.5%)	< 0.001
Users of RASi	17 (36.2%)	17 (37.8%)	27 (42.9%)	9 (69.2%)	0.17

Table 1. Anthropometric and Clinical Characteristics of Patients at Baseline According to the Number of Goal Achievement

Triple-goal achievers (n = 47)

Dual-goal achievers (n = 45)

Single-goal achievers (n = 63)

No-goal achievers (n = 13)

P values

Mean ± SE or n (%). SE: standard error; OHA: oral anti-diabetes drugs; RASi: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; BMI: body mass index.

Male sex, n (%)

20 (42.6%)

30 (66.7%)

35 (55.6%)

5 (38.5%)

0.08

Smokers, n (%)

12 (25.5%)

18 (40.0%)

24 (38.1%)

4 (30.8%)

0.29

Age (years)

62.1 ± 1.5

62.6 ± 1.3

62.1 ± 1.4

63.8 ± 2.9

0.95

BMI (kg/m²)

23.8 ± 0.5

23.9 ± 0.6

24.6 ± 0.5

25.0 ± 0.5

0.53

Waist circumference (cm)

85.9 ± 1.4

85.0 ± 1.2

88.7 ± 1.5

88.4 ± 1.5

0.22

Diabetes duration (years)

7.4 ± 0.7

12.2 ± 1.2

9.6 ± 0.9

12.1 ± 2.3

0.01

Diabetes therapy, n (%)

Diet/exercise

19 (40.4%)

15 (33.3%)

18 (29%)

1 (7.7%)

0.26

OHA

24 (51.1%)

22 (48.9%)

32 (50.8%)

7 (53.8%)

0.99

Insulin

4 (8.5%)

8 (17.8%)

13 (20.6%)

5 (38.5%)

< 0.001

Users of RASi

17 (36.2%)

17 (37.8%)

27 (42.9%)

9 (69.2%)

0.17

**Table 2.** Glycemic, Lipids and Blood Pressure Control and Kidney Function of Patients at Baseline According to the Number of Goal Achievement
	Triple-goal achievers	Dual-goal achievers	Single-goal achievers	No-goal achievers	P values
Mean ± SE or n (%). SE: standard error; PG: plasma glucose; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride: BP: blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ΔeGFR: annual changes in eGFR.
Fasting PG (mg/dL)	112 ± 2	125 ± 3	132 ± 3	141 ± 5	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	6.4 ± 0.1	7 ± 0.1	7.4 ± 0.1	7.6 ± 0.1	< 0.001
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	179 ± 3	187 ± 3	194 ± 3	198 ± 4	< 0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	59 ± 2	59 ± 3	52 ± 2	48 ± 3	0.013
LDLC cholesterol (mg/dL)	100 ± 2	107 ± 3	119 ± 3	128 ± 5	< 0.001
Fasting TG (mg/dL)	105 ± 7	109 ± 7	123 ± 7	128 ± 13	0.19
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.1 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.2	5.1 ± 0.2	4.6 ± 0.2	0.19
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	121 ± 1	127 ± 2	133 ± 1	139 ± 3	< 0.001
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	70 ± 1	72 ± 1	74 ± 1	75 ± 2	0.005
Creatinine	0.72 ± 0.02	0.82 ± 0.04	0.73 ± 0.02	0.72 ± 0.04	0.06
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	75 ± 2	74 ± 3	78 ± 2	76 ± 5	0.69
ΔeGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²/year)	-0.70 ± 0.46	-1.13 ± 0.45	-1.18 ± 0.40	-2.10 ± 0.90	0.54
Reduced GFR (n (%))	7 (14.9%)	9 (20.0%)	8 (12.7%)	2 (15.4%)	0.78

Table 2. Glycemic, Lipids and Blood Pressure Control and Kidney Function of Patients at Baseline According to the Number of Goal Achievement

Triple-goal achievers

Dual-goal achievers

Single-goal achievers

No-goal achievers

P values

Mean ± SE or n (%). SE: standard error; PG: plasma glucose; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride: BP: blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ΔeGFR: annual changes in eGFR.

Fasting PG (mg/dL)

112 ± 2

125 ± 3

132 ± 3

141 ± 5

< 0.001

HbA1c (%)

6.4 ± 0.1

7 ± 0.1

7.4 ± 0.1

7.6 ± 0.1

< 0.001

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

179 ± 3

187 ± 3

194 ± 3

198 ± 4

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

59 ± 2

59 ± 3

52 ± 2

48 ± 3

0.013

LDLC cholesterol (mg/dL)

100 ± 2

107 ± 3

119 ± 3

128 ± 5

< 0.001

Fasting TG (mg/dL)

105 ± 7

109 ± 7

123 ± 7

128 ± 13

0.19

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.1 ± 0.2

5.5 ± 0.2

5.1 ± 0.2

4.6 ± 0.2

0.19

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

121 ± 1

127 ± 2

133 ± 1

139 ± 3

< 0.001

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

70 ± 1

72 ± 1

74 ± 1

75 ± 2

0.005

Creatinine

0.72 ± 0.02

0.82 ± 0.04

0.73 ± 0.02

0.72 ± 0.04

0.06

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

75 ± 2

74 ± 3

78 ± 2

76 ± 5

0.69

ΔeGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²/year)

-0.70 ± 0.46

-1.13 ± 0.45

-1.18 ± 0.40

-2.10 ± 0.90

0.54

Reduced GFR (n (%))

7 (14.9%)

9 (20.0%)

8 (12.7%)

2 (15.4%)

0.78