J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 11, Number 6, June 2019, pages 435-446

Relationship of Anthropometric Indices to Abdominal Body Composition: A Multi-Ethnic New Zealand Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Figure 1. Quantification of visceral adipose tissue volume (a), subcutaneous adipose tissue volume (b) and total abdominal volume (c).

Figure 2. Comparison of VAT volume (a), SAT volume (b), and TAb volume (c) measurements between the independent raters. VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAb: total abdominal.

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants
Characteristics	Total	Caucasian	Maori/PI	Other	P
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or count values. ^aSignificant differences (P < 0.05). DM: diabetes mellitus; PI: Pacific Islanders.
No. of participants	87	37	24	26
Age, years	54.3 ± 1.6	58.6 ± 2.5	55.9 ± 2.2	46.6 ± 2.7	0.004^a
Sex					0.092
Men	56	19	18	19
Women	31	18	6	7
Height, cm	171.9 ± 1.1	171.4 ± 1.4	174.8 ± 2.3	170.1 ± 2.0	0.221
Weight, kg	85.8 ± 2.1	82.3 ± 2.2	97.3 ± 3.8	80.1 ± 4.0	0.002^a
Body mass index, kg/m²	28.9 ± 0.7	28.0 ± 0.8	32.2 ± 1.5	27.4 ± 1.0	0.012^a
Waist circumference, cm	98.9 ± 1.6	96.8 ± 2.2	106.3 ± 3.1	95.2 ± 2.7	0.019^a
Prediabetes/DM					0.715
Yes	59	26	17	16
No	28	11	7	10
Etiology of pancreatitis					0.577
Biliary	39	17	8	14
Alcohol-related	15	5	6	4
Other	33	15	10	8
Recurrence of pancreatitis					0.972
Yes	22	9	6	7
No	65	28	18	19
Time since pancreatitis, months	28.0 ± 2.2	28.4 ± 3.2	31.7 ± 4.6	24.2 ± 4.1	0.445

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants

Characteristics

Total

Caucasian

Maori/PI

Other

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or count values. ^aSignificant differences (P < 0.05). DM: diabetes mellitus; PI: Pacific Islanders.

No. of participants

Age, years

54.3 ± 1.6

58.6 ± 2.5

55.9 ± 2.2

46.6 ± 2.7

0.004^a

Sex

0.092

Men

Women

Height, cm

171.9 ± 1.1

171.4 ± 1.4

174.8 ± 2.3

170.1 ± 2.0

0.221

Weight, kg

85.8 ± 2.1

82.3 ± 2.2

97.3 ± 3.8

80.1 ± 4.0

0.002^a

Body mass index, kg/m²

28.9 ± 0.7

28.0 ± 0.8

32.2 ± 1.5

27.4 ± 1.0

0.012^a

Waist circumference, cm

98.9 ± 1.6

96.8 ± 2.2

106.3 ± 3.1

95.2 ± 2.7

0.019^a

Prediabetes/DM

0.715

Yes

Etiology of pancreatitis

0.577

Biliary

Alcohol-related

Other

Recurrence of pancreatitis

0.972

Yes

Time since pancreatitis, months

28.0 ± 2.2

28.4 ± 3.2

31.7 ± 4.6

24.2 ± 4.1

0.445

**Table 2.** Ethnic Variations in MRI-Derived Abdominal Volumes
	VAT volume (L)	SAT volume (L)	TAb volume (L)
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex and prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status, etiology, recurrence and time since acute pancreatitis. ^aSignificant associations (P < 0.05). PI: Pacific Islanders; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAb: total abdominal; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CI: confidence interval.
Unadjusted
Caucasian	Reference	Reference	Reference
Maori/PI	0.729	2.073 (1.219 - 3.525)	0.007^a	0.185	1.203 (0.859 - 1.684)	0.283	0.210	1.233 (1.012 - 1.503)	0.038^a
Other	0.086	1.090 (0.639 - 1.859)	0.751	-0.096	0.909 (0.635 - 1.301)	0.602	-0.096	0.909 (0.747 - 1.105)	0.338
Model 1
Caucasian	Reference	Reference	Reference
Maori/PI	0.753	2.124 (1.146 - 3.937)	0.017^a	0.358	1.431 (0.968 - 2.113)	0.072	0.198	1.208 (0.985 - 1.480)	0.069
Other	0.165	1.179 (0.602 - 2.310 )	0.631	-0.038	0.963 (0.950 - 1.443)	0.854	-0.123	0.884 (0.708 - 1.105)	0.279
Model 2
Caucasian	Reference	Reference	Reference
Maori/PI	0.755	2.128 (1.143 - 3.961)	0.017^a	0.374	1.433 (0.969 - 2.119)	0.072	0.189	1.208 (0.985 - 1.481)	0.069
Other	0.177	1.193 (0.605 - 2.355)	0.610	-0.044	0.957 (0.638 - 1.437)	0.957	-0.128	0.880 (0.702 - 1.103)	0.267
Model 3
Caucasian	Reference	Reference	Reference
Maori/PI	0.764	2.146 (1.095 - 4.209)	0.026^a	0.363	1.438 (0.940 - 2.200)	0.094	0.180	1.197 (0.958 - 1.495)	0.114
Other	0.250	1.284 (0.609 - 2.710)	0.511	-0.165	0.848 (0.544 - 1.323)	0.848	-0.168	0.846 (0.662 - 1.080)	0.179

Table 2. Ethnic Variations in MRI-Derived Abdominal Volumes

VAT volume (L)

SAT volume (L)

TAb volume (L)

β coefficient (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

β coefficient (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

β coefficient (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex and prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status, etiology, recurrence and time since acute pancreatitis. ^aSignificant associations (P < 0.05). PI: Pacific Islanders; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAb: total abdominal; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CI: confidence interval.

Unadjusted

Caucasian

Reference

Maori/PI

0.729

2.073 (1.219 - 3.525)

0.007^a

0.185

1.203 (0.859 - 1.684)

0.283

0.210

1.233 (1.012 - 1.503)

0.038^a

Other

0.086

1.090 (0.639 - 1.859)

0.751

-0.096

0.909 (0.635 - 1.301)

0.602

-0.096

0.909 (0.747 - 1.105)

0.338

Model 1

Caucasian

Reference

Maori/PI

0.753

2.124 (1.146 - 3.937)

0.017^a

0.358

1.431 (0.968 - 2.113)

0.072

0.198

1.208 (0.985 - 1.480)

0.069

Other

0.165

1.179 (0.602 - 2.310 )

0.631

-0.038

0.963 (0.950 - 1.443)

0.854

-0.123

0.884 (0.708 - 1.105)

0.279

Model 2

Caucasian

Reference

Maori/PI

0.755

2.128 (1.143 - 3.961)

0.017^a

0.374

1.433 (0.969 - 2.119)

0.072

0.189

1.208 (0.985 - 1.481)

0.069

Other

0.177

1.193 (0.605 - 2.355)

0.610

-0.044

0.957 (0.638 - 1.437)

0.957

-0.128

0.880 (0.702 - 1.103)

0.267

Model 3

Caucasian

Reference

Maori/PI

0.764

2.146 (1.095 - 4.209)

0.026^a

0.363

1.438 (0.940 - 2.200)

0.094

0.180

1.197 (0.958 - 1.495)

0.114

Other

0.250

1.284 (0.609 - 2.710)

0.511

-0.165

0.848 (0.544 - 1.323)

0.848

-0.168

0.846 (0.662 - 1.080)

0.179

**Table 3.** Ethnicity-Specific Associations Between Waist Circumference and Abdominal Volumes
	VAT volume (L)^a	SAT volume (L)	TAb volume (L)
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex and prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status, etiology, recurrence and time since acute pancreatitis. ^aData were log₁₀ transformed. PI: Pacific Islanders; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAb: total abdominal; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; CI: confidence interval.
Unadjusted
Total	0.373	33.927 (24.383 - 43.470)	< 0.001	0.539	7.194 (5.759 - 8.629)	< 0.001	0.644	4.225 (3.548 - 4.902)	< 0.001
Caucasian	0.363	27.815 (14.973 - 40.658)	< 0.001	0.421	6.590 (3.937 - 9.243)	< 0.001	0.565	3.742 (2.615 - 4.869)	< 0.001
Maori/PI	0.307	42.250 (15.166 - 75.335)	0.005	0.508	6.674 (3.769 - 6.580)	< 0.001	0.687	5.183 (3.634 - 6.731)	< 0.001
Other	0.324	32.223 (12.603 - 51.844)	0.002	0.715	7.376 (5.414 - 9.338)	< 0.001	0.640	3.871 (2.647 - 5.095)	< 0.001
Model 1
Total	0.464	44.231 (33.662 - 54.801)	< 0.001	0.648	8.228 (6.891 - 9.566)	< 0.001	0.665	4.391 (3.703 - 5.078)	< 0.001
Caucasian	0.403	34.452 (18.137 - 50.767)	< 0.001	0.556	7.291 (4.742 - 9.839)	< 0.001	0.581	3.992 (2.670 - 5.314)	< 0.001
Maori/PI	0.569	51.165 (26.159 - 76.172)	< 0.001	0.612	9.756 (5.176 - 14.336)	< 0.001	0.746	4.779 (3.216 - 6.341)	< 0.001
Other	0.356	38.403 (13.714 - 63.091)	0.004	0.824	7.653 (5.836 - 9.470)	< 0.001	0.628	3.994 (2.397 - 5.591)	< 0.001
Model 2
Total	0.464	44.286 (33.646 - 54.926)	< 0.001	0.651	8.254 (6.911 - 9.597)	< 0.001	0.665	4.392 (3.700 - 5.083)	< 0.001
Caucasian	0.414	37.053 (19.208 - 54.898)	< 0.001	0.556	7.299 (4.687 - 9.911)	< 0.001	0.587	4.099 (2.730 - 5.468)	< 0.001
Maori/PI	0.607	49.434 (23.537 - 75.331)	0.001	0.641	9.542 (4.994 - 14.090)	< 0.001	0.750	4.686 (3.049 - 6.323)	< 0.001
Other	0.361	35.208 (5.759 - 64.656)	0.021	0.824	7.708 (5.671 - 10.471)	<0.001	0.629	4.078 (2.213 - 5.944)	< 0.001
Model 3
Total	0.494	46.450 (35.486 - 57.414)	< 0.001	0.676	8.655 (7.272 - 10.038)	< 0.001	0.692	4.540 (3.840 - 5.239)	< 0.001
Caucasians	0.507	38.766 (19.700 - 57.832)	< 0.001	0.668	7.980 (5.216 - 10.743)	< 0.001	0.643	4.051 (2.556 - 5.546)	< 0.001
Maori/PI	0.729	64.270 (35.571 - 92.969)	< 0.001	0.678	11.404 (5.486 - 17.321)	0.001	0.814	5.439 (3.609 - 7.269)	< 0.001
Other	0.417	39.052 (6.548 - 71.556)	0.021	0.905	8.919 (6.915 - 10.924)	< 0.001	0.759	4.928 (2.946 - 6.911)	< 0.001

Table 3. Ethnicity-Specific Associations Between Waist Circumference and Abdominal Volumes

VAT volume (L)^a

SAT volume (L)

TAb volume (L)

R²

β coefficient (95% CI)

R²

β coefficient (95% CI)

R²

β coefficient (95% CI)

Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex and prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status, etiology, recurrence and time since acute pancreatitis. ^aData were log₁₀ transformed. PI: Pacific Islanders; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAb: total abdominal; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; CI: confidence interval.

Unadjusted

Total

0.373

33.927 (24.383 - 43.470)

< 0.001

0.539

7.194 (5.759 - 8.629)

< 0.001

0.644

4.225 (3.548 - 4.902)

< 0.001

Caucasian

0.363

27.815 (14.973 - 40.658)

< 0.001

0.421

6.590 (3.937 - 9.243)

< 0.001

0.565

3.742 (2.615 - 4.869)

< 0.001

Maori/PI

0.307

42.250 (15.166 - 75.335)

0.005

0.508

6.674 (3.769 - 6.580)

< 0.001

0.687

5.183 (3.634 - 6.731)

< 0.001

Other

0.324

32.223 (12.603 - 51.844)

0.002

0.715

7.376 (5.414 - 9.338)

< 0.001

0.640

3.871 (2.647 - 5.095)

< 0.001

Model 1

Total

0.464

44.231 (33.662 - 54.801)

< 0.001

0.648

8.228 (6.891 - 9.566)

< 0.001

0.665

4.391 (3.703 - 5.078)

< 0.001

Caucasian

0.403

34.452 (18.137 - 50.767)

< 0.001

0.556

7.291 (4.742 - 9.839)

< 0.001

0.581

3.992 (2.670 - 5.314)

< 0.001

Maori/PI

0.569

51.165 (26.159 - 76.172)

< 0.001

0.612

9.756 (5.176 - 14.336)

< 0.001

0.746

4.779 (3.216 - 6.341)

< 0.001

Other

0.356

38.403 (13.714 - 63.091)

0.004

0.824

7.653 (5.836 - 9.470)

< 0.001

0.628

3.994 (2.397 - 5.591)

< 0.001

Model 2

Total

0.464

44.286 (33.646 - 54.926)

< 0.001

0.651

8.254 (6.911 - 9.597)

< 0.001

0.665

4.392 (3.700 - 5.083)

< 0.001

Caucasian

0.414

37.053 (19.208 - 54.898)

< 0.001

0.556

7.299 (4.687 - 9.911)

< 0.001

0.587

4.099 (2.730 - 5.468)

< 0.001

Maori/PI

0.607

49.434 (23.537 - 75.331)

0.001

0.641

9.542 (4.994 - 14.090)

< 0.001

0.750

4.686 (3.049 - 6.323)

< 0.001

Other

0.361

35.208 (5.759 - 64.656)

0.021

0.824

7.708 (5.671 - 10.471)

<0.001

0.629

4.078 (2.213 - 5.944)

< 0.001

Model 3

Total

0.494

46.450 (35.486 - 57.414)

< 0.001

0.676

8.655 (7.272 - 10.038)

< 0.001

0.692

4.540 (3.840 - 5.239)

< 0.001

Caucasians

0.507

38.766 (19.700 - 57.832)

< 0.001

0.668

7.980 (5.216 - 10.743)

< 0.001

0.643

4.051 (2.556 - 5.546)

< 0.001

Maori/PI

0.729

64.270 (35.571 - 92.969)

< 0.001

0.678

11.404 (5.486 - 17.321)

0.001

0.814

5.439 (3.609 - 7.269)

< 0.001

Other

0.417

39.052 (6.548 - 71.556)

0.021

0.905

8.919 (6.915 - 10.924)

< 0.001

0.759

4.928 (2.946 - 6.911)

< 0.001

**Table 4.** Ethnicity-Specific Associations Between Body Mass Index and Abdominal Volumes
Ethnicity/model	VAT volume (L)^a	SAT volume (L)	TAb volume (L)
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex and prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status, etiology, recurrence and time since acute pancreatitis. PI: Pacific Islanders; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; Tab: total abdominal volume; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; CI: confidence interval. ^aData were log₁₀ transformed.
Unadjusted
Total	0.337	13.376 (9.301 - 17.451)	< 0.001	0.688	3.354 (2.867 - 3.842)	< 0.001	0.713	1.835 (1.584 - 2.086)	< 0.001
Caucasian	0.419	11.231 (6.621 - 15.841)	< 0.001	0.592	2.885 (2.063 - 3.706)	< 0.001	0.727	1.566 (1.237 - 1.895)	< 0.001
Maori/PI	0.142	15.029 (-0.900 - 30.959)	0.060	0.815	4.039 (3.187 - 4.890)	< 0.001	0.773	2.627 (1.998 - 3.256)	< 0.001
Other	0.357	12.843 (5.574 - 20.111)	0.001	0.704	2.780 (2.021 - 3.539)	< 0.001	0.672	1.507 (1.063 - 1.950)	< 0.001
Model 1
Total	0.470	19.295 (14.633 - 23.956)	< 0.001	0.752	3.697 (3.218 - 4.176)	< 0.001	0.769	2.014 (1.765 - 2.262)	< 0.001
Caucasian	0.495	15.300 (9.338 - 21.261)	< 0.001	0.728	3.255 (2.509 - 4.000)	< 0.001	0.783	1.807 (1.451 - 2.162)	<0.001
Maori/PI	0.579	18.979 (6.803 - 31.155)	0.004	0.869	5.389 (4.115 - 6.657)	< 0.001	0.875	2.285 (1.762 - 2.808)	< 0.001
Other	0.376	15.780 (4.688 - 26.873)	0.008	0.814	2.869 (2.160 - 3.578)	< 0.001	0.667	1.556 (0.982 - 2.129)	< 0.001
Model 2
Total	0.470	19.327 (14.628 - 24.025)	< 0.001	0.758	3.715 (3.238 - 4.193)	< 0.001	0.770	2.014 (1.764 - 2.264)	< 0.001
Caucasian	0.496	15.592 (9.125 - 22.058)	< 0.001	0.738	3.205 (2.456 - 3.955)	< 0.001	0.783	1.802 (1.431 - 2.173)	< 0.001
Maori/PI	0.588	18.324 (5.720 - 30.929)	0.007	0.883	5.317 (4.074 - 6.560)	< 0.001	0.875	2.275 (1.724 - 2.827)	< 0.001
Other	0.391	13.975 (1.093 - 26.856)	0.035	0.815	2.821 (2.028 - 3.614)	< 0.001	0.667	1.550 (0.879 - 2.220)	< 0.001
Model 3
Total	0.499	19.941 (15.057 - 24.825)	< 0.001	0.769	3.846 (3.342 - 4.350)	< 0.001	0.786	2.059 (1.802 - 2.316)	< 0.001
Caucasian	0.521	14.857 (7.817 - 21.898)	< 0.001	0.745	3.149 (2.312 - 3.985)	< 0.001	0.808	1.763 (1.378 - 2.148)	< 0.001
Maori/PI	0.676	21.205 (6.288 - 36.122)	0.008	0.898	5.868 (4.273 - 7.463)	< 0.001	0.915	2.436 (1.846 - 3.027)	< 0.001
Other	0.441	14.749 (0.047 - 29.4503)	0.049	0.883	3.296 (2.454 - 4.138)	< 0.001	0.740	1.813 (1.031 - 2.594)	< 0.001

Table 4. Ethnicity-Specific Associations Between Body Mass Index and Abdominal Volumes

Ethnicity/model

VAT volume (L)^a

SAT volume (L)

TAb volume (L)

R²

β coefficient (95% CI)

R²

β coefficient (95% CI)

R²

β coefficient (95% CI)

Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex and prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, prediabetes/diabetes mellitus status, etiology, recurrence and time since acute pancreatitis. PI: Pacific Islanders; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; Tab: total abdominal volume; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; CI: confidence interval. ^aData were log₁₀ transformed.

Unadjusted

Total

0.337

13.376 (9.301 - 17.451)

< 0.001

0.688

3.354 (2.867 - 3.842)

< 0.001

0.713

1.835 (1.584 - 2.086)

< 0.001

Caucasian

0.419

11.231 (6.621 - 15.841)

< 0.001

0.592

2.885 (2.063 - 3.706)

< 0.001

0.727

1.566 (1.237 - 1.895)

< 0.001

Maori/PI

0.142

15.029 (-0.900 - 30.959)

0.060

0.815

4.039 (3.187 - 4.890)

< 0.001

0.773

2.627 (1.998 - 3.256)

< 0.001

Other

0.357

12.843 (5.574 - 20.111)

0.001

0.704

2.780 (2.021 - 3.539)

< 0.001

0.672

1.507 (1.063 - 1.950)

< 0.001

Model 1

Total

0.470

19.295 (14.633 - 23.956)

< 0.001

0.752

3.697 (3.218 - 4.176)

< 0.001

0.769

2.014 (1.765 - 2.262)

< 0.001

Caucasian

0.495

15.300 (9.338 - 21.261)

< 0.001

0.728

3.255 (2.509 - 4.000)

< 0.001

0.783

1.807 (1.451 - 2.162)

<0.001

Maori/PI

0.579

18.979 (6.803 - 31.155)

0.004

0.869

5.389 (4.115 - 6.657)

< 0.001

0.875

2.285 (1.762 - 2.808)

< 0.001

Other

0.376

15.780 (4.688 - 26.873)

0.008

0.814

2.869 (2.160 - 3.578)

< 0.001

0.667

1.556 (0.982 - 2.129)

< 0.001

Model 2

Total

0.470

19.327 (14.628 - 24.025)

< 0.001

0.758

3.715 (3.238 - 4.193)

< 0.001

0.770

2.014 (1.764 - 2.264)

< 0.001

Caucasian

0.496

15.592 (9.125 - 22.058)

< 0.001

0.738

3.205 (2.456 - 3.955)

< 0.001

0.783

1.802 (1.431 - 2.173)

< 0.001

Maori/PI

0.588

18.324 (5.720 - 30.929)

0.007

0.883

5.317 (4.074 - 6.560)

< 0.001

0.875

2.275 (1.724 - 2.827)

< 0.001

Other

0.391

13.975 (1.093 - 26.856)

0.035

0.815

2.821 (2.028 - 3.614)

< 0.001

0.667

1.550 (0.879 - 2.220)

< 0.001

Model 3

Total

0.499

19.941 (15.057 - 24.825)

< 0.001

0.769

3.846 (3.342 - 4.350)

< 0.001

0.786

2.059 (1.802 - 2.316)

< 0.001

Caucasian

0.521

14.857 (7.817 - 21.898)

< 0.001

0.745

3.149 (2.312 - 3.985)

< 0.001

0.808

1.763 (1.378 - 2.148)

< 0.001

Maori/PI

0.676

21.205 (6.288 - 36.122)

0.008

0.898

5.868 (4.273 - 7.463)

< 0.001

0.915

2.436 (1.846 - 3.027)

< 0.001

Other

0.441

14.749 (0.047 - 29.4503)

0.049

0.883

3.296 (2.454 - 4.138)

< 0.001

0.740

1.813 (1.031 - 2.594)

< 0.001

**Table 5.** Ethnicity-Specific Equations to Estimate VAT Volume
	Caucasian	Maori/PI	Other
^aP < 0.05 (statistical significance). In the equations, sex- men = 0, women = 1. BMI: body mass index; PI: Pacific Islanders; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; VIF: variance inflation factor; WC: waist circumference.
Age, years	0.012^a	1.056	Log₁₀(VAT) = 11.99 (Age) - 1,216.08 (Sex) + 132.09 (BMI)	0.253	1.215	Log₁₀(VAT) = 54.00 (WC) - 1,134.07 (Sex)	0.246	1.011	Log₁₀(VAT) = 53.53 (WC) + 24.55 (Height)
Sex	0.009^a	2.090		0.022^a	2.703		0.374	1.806
BMI, kg/m²	0.003^a	2.001		-	127.740		-	14.646
WC, cm	0.221	2.111		0.001^a	4.120		0.010^a	1.930
Height, cm	0.933	2.131		0.753	2.628		0.024^a	1.124
Weight, kg	-	172.166		0.178	3.971		-	27.468
Etiology	0.959	1.577		0.372	1.294		0.351	1.053
Recurrence	0.959	1.174		0.138	1.092		0.493	1.503
Time since pancreatitis, months	0.450	1.208		0.070	1.219		0.117	1.702

Table 5. Ethnicity-Specific Equations to Estimate VAT Volume

Caucasian

Maori/PI

Other

VIF

Equation

VIF

Equation

VIF

Equation

^aP < 0.05 (statistical significance). In the equations, sex- men = 0, women = 1. BMI: body mass index; PI: Pacific Islanders; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; VIF: variance inflation factor; WC: waist circumference.

Age, years

0.012^a

1.056

Log₁₀(VAT) = 11.99 (Age) - 1,216.08 (Sex) + 132.09 (BMI)

0.253

1.215

Log₁₀(VAT) = 54.00 (WC) - 1,134.07 (Sex)

0.246

1.011

Log₁₀(VAT) = 53.53 (WC) + 24.55 (Height)

Sex

0.009^a

2.090

0.022^a

2.703

0.374

1.806

BMI, kg/m²

0.003^a

2.001

127.740

14.646

WC, cm

0.221

2.111

0.001^a

4.120

0.010^a

1.930

Height, cm

0.933

2.131

0.753

2.628

0.024^a

1.124

Weight, kg

172.166

0.178

3.971

27.468

Etiology

0.959

1.577

0.372

1.294

0.351

1.053

Recurrence

0.959

1.174

0.138

1.092

0.493

1.503

Time since pancreatitis, months

0.450

1.208

0.070

1.219

0.117

1.702