J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 9, September 2018, pages 715-721

Relationship Between Depression and Stress Coping Ability Among Residents in Japan: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study

Figure 1. Figure 1. Relationship between the number of residents with new-onset depressive symptoms and SOC group (N = 957). SOC: sense of coherence. Chi-square P < 0.01.

**Table 1.** Participant Characteristics, Mean SOC Score, SOC Category, and Mean Working Time (N = 957)
^aN = 890 because 67 residents returned the survey but did not provide responses about working conditions. SOC: Sense of Coherence; SD: standard deviation.
Age, mean ± SD, years	26.0 ± 3.1
Sex
Male, n (%)	621 (64.9)
Female, n (%)	336 (35.1)
SOC score
SOC score, mean ± SD	44.3 ± 6.0
Low, n (%)	147 (15.4)
Middle, n (%)	670 (70.0)
High, n (%)	140 (14.6)
CES-D score at baseline, mean ± SD	9.8 ± 7.6
Hospital type
University hospital, n (%)	437 (45.7)
Other educational hospital, n (%)	520 (54.3)
Working time^a
Mean ± SD, hours/week	72.7 ± 15.2
Residents working more than 80 h/ week, n (%)	254 (28.5)

Table 1. Participant Characteristics, Mean SOC Score, SOC Category, and Mean Working Time (N = 957)

^aN = 890 because 67 residents returned the survey but did not provide responses about working conditions. SOC: Sense of Coherence; SD: standard deviation.

Age, mean ± SD, years

26.0 ± 3.1

Sex

Male, n (%)

621 (64.9)

Female, n (%)

336 (35.1)

SOC score

SOC score, mean ± SD

44.3 ± 6.0

Low, n (%)

147 (15.4)

Middle, n (%)

670 (70.0)

High, n (%)

140 (14.6)

CES-D score at baseline, mean ± SD

9.8 ± 7.6

Hospital type

University hospital, n (%)

437 (45.7)

Other educational hospital, n (%)

520 (54.3)

Working time^a

Mean ± SD, hours/week

72.7 ± 15.2

Residents working more than 80 h/ week, n (%)

254 (28.5)

**Table 2.** New-Onset Depressive Symptoms vs. Demographic Factors, SOC Score, Baseline CES-D Score, and Mean Working Time (N = 957)
Variable	Residents without new-onset depressive symptoms (N = 770)	Residents with new-onset depressive symptoms (N = 187)	P
^at test, ^bChi-square test, ^cN = 890 because 67 residents returned the survey but did not provide responses about working conditions. SOC: Sense of Coherence; SD: standard deviation; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression.
Age, mean ± SD, years^a	25.9 ± 2.8	26.3 ± 3.9	0.14
Male sex, n (%)^b	499 (64.8)	122 (65.2)	0.49
SOC score, mean ± SD^a	44.9 ± 5.8	42.1 ± 6.2	< 0.01
CES-D score at baseline, mean ± SD^a	6.5 ± 4.0	8.8 ± 3.7	< 0.01
CES-D score at follow-up, mean ± SD^a	6.9 ± 4.4	21.7 ± 7.4	< 0.01
Hospital type
University hospital, n (%)^b	358 (46.5)	79 (42.2)	0.17
Mean working time^c
Mean ± SD, hours/week^a	72.1± 14.3	74.8 ± 18.1	0.07

Table 2. New-Onset Depressive Symptoms vs. Demographic Factors, SOC Score, Baseline CES-D Score, and Mean Working Time (N = 957)

Variable

Residents without new-onset depressive symptoms (N = 770)

Residents with new-onset depressive symptoms (N = 187)

^at test, ^bChi-square test, ^cN = 890 because 67 residents returned the survey but did not provide responses about working conditions. SOC: Sense of Coherence; SD: standard deviation; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression.

Age, mean ± SD, years^a

25.9 ± 2.8

26.3 ± 3.9

0.14

Male sex, n (%)^b

499 (64.8)

122 (65.2)

0.49

SOC score, mean ± SD^a

44.9 ± 5.8

42.1 ± 6.2

< 0.01

CES-D score at baseline, mean ± SD^a

6.5 ± 4.0

8.8 ± 3.7

< 0.01

CES-D score at follow-up, mean ± SD^a

6.9 ± 4.4

21.7 ± 7.4

< 0.01

Hospital type

University hospital, n (%)^b

358 (46.5)

79 (42.2)

0.17

Mean working time^c

Mean ± SD, hours/week^a

72.1± 14.3

74.8 ± 18.1

0.07

**Table 3.** Association Between New-Onset Depressive Symptoms and SOC Score (N = 890)
	Odds ratio	95% CI	P
Results of logistic regression analysis where the dependent variable is new-onset depressive symptoms and the independent variables are SOC group, CES-D score at baseline, age, sex, hospital type, and mean working time. ^aCoded as: 0 = male; 1 = female. ^bCoded as: 0 = university hospital; 1 = other educational hospital. CI: confidence interval; SOC: Sense of Coherence; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression.
SOC score group
Low	2.04	1.02 - 4.05	0.04
High	1
CES-D score at baseline	1.14	1.08 - 1.19	< 0.01
Age	1.06	1.01- 1.11	0.03
Sex^a	1.04	0.72 - 1.50	0.84
Hospital type^b	1.21	0.84 - 1.73	0.3
Mean working time	1.01	1.00 - 1.03	0.02

Table 3. Association Between New-Onset Depressive Symptoms and SOC Score (N = 890)

Odds ratio

95% CI

Results of logistic regression analysis where the dependent variable is new-onset depressive symptoms and the independent variables are SOC group, CES-D score at baseline, age, sex, hospital type, and mean working time. ^aCoded as: 0 = male; 1 = female. ^bCoded as: 0 = university hospital; 1 = other educational hospital. CI: confidence interval; SOC: Sense of Coherence; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression.

SOC score group

Low

2.04

1.02 - 4.05

0.04

High

CES-D score at baseline

1.14

1.08 - 1.19

< 0.01

Age

1.06

1.01- 1.11

0.03

Sex^a

1.04

0.72 - 1.50

0.84

Hospital type^b

1.21

0.84 - 1.73

0.3

Mean working time

1.01

1.00 - 1.03

0.02