Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 9, September 2018, pages 707-714


Low Vitamin D Deficiency Associated With Thyroid Disease Among Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Patients

Tables

Table 1. Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Studied T2DM Patients and Control Subjects (N = 1,092)
 
T2DM (N = 546)Control (N = 546)P value
Age groups (in years)
  < 30 years old54 (9.9)58 (10.8)
  30 - 39 years old97 (17.8)106 (19.4)0.778
  40 - 49 years old134 (24.5)128 (23.4)
  50 - 59 years old117 (21.4)125 (22.9)
  60 and above144 (26.4)129 (23.6)
Gender
  Male181 (33.2)177 (32.4)0.423
  Female365 (66.8)369 (67.6)
BMI (kg/m2)
  Normal (< 25 kg/m2)136 (24.9)177 (32.4)
  Overweight (29 - 30 kg/m2)237 (43.4)224 (41.0)0.017
  Obese (> 30 kg/m2)173 (31.7)145 (26.6)
Physical activity
  Yes128 (23.4)158 (28.9)0.039
  No418 (76.6)388 (71.1)
Smoking status
  Never428 (78.4)455 (83.3)
  Current smoker89 (16.3)58 (10.6)0.022
  Past smoker29 (5.3)33 (6.0)
Sheesha smoking status
  Yes99 (18.1)69 (12.8)0.015
  No447 (81.9)477 (87.4)
Family history of DM
  Yes76 (13.9)39 (7.1)0.001
  No473 (86.1)507 (92.9)
Family history of hypertension
  Yes99 (18.1)64 (11.7)0.004
  No447 (81.9)482 (88.3)
Family history of thyroid nodule
  Yes38 (7.0)20 (3.7)0.021
  No508 (93.0)526 (96.3)

 

Table 2. Clinical Biochemistry Baseline Value Among T2DM and Control Subjects (N = 1,092)
 
VariablesT2DM (N = 546, mean ± SD)Control (N = 546, mean ± SD)P value
TSH (reference range: 0.35 - 4.0 mIU/L), free triiodothyronine (FT3) (reference range: 1.71 - 4.71 pg/mL), and free thyroxine (FT4) (reference range: 0.8 - 1.9 ng/dL).
Vitamin D (ng/mL)17.24 ± 3.7123.67 ± 5.460.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)12.53 ± 2.4513.10 ± 2.520.276
Magnesium (mmol/L)0.76 ± 0.090.90 ± 0.10< 0.001
Potassium (mmol/L)3.39 ± 0.463.77 ± 0.53< 0.001
Calcium (mmol/L)1.63 ± 0.561.75 ± 0.680.001
Phosphorous (mmol/L)1.46 ± 0.621.59 ± 0.520.038
Creatinine (mmol/L)68.67 ± 16.1767.33 ± 16.840.101
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)7.49 ± 1.896.50 ± 1.98< 0.001
HbA1C (mmol/L)7.32 ± 0.975.29 ± 0.62< 0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)4.69 ± 0.714.03 ± 0.50< 0.001
HDL (mmol/L)0.96 ± 0.211.14 ± 0.340.911
LDL (mmol/L)1.63 ± 0.641.54 ± 0.610.002
Albumin (mmol/L)41.48 ± 5.5739.81 ± 5.54< 0.001
Bilirubin (mmol/L)6.98 ± 2.436.99 ± 2.540.015
Triglyceride (mmol/L)1.71 ± 0.691.59 ± 0.68< 0.001
Uric acid (mmol/L)278.1 ± 64.57266.9 ± 61.7< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)130.7 ± 12.9126.8 ± 12.20.009
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)77.6 ± 6.875.9 ± 4.860.002
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)2.58 ± 1.062.31 ± 1.19< 0.001
T31.89 ± 1.061.57 ± 0.93< 0.001
T41.19 ± 0.700.97 ± 0.35< 0.001

 

Table 3. Clinical Biochemistry Baseline Based on Vitamin D Deficiency and Sufficiency With and Without Thyroid Nodules Among T2DM and Control Subject (N = 1,092)
 
Biochemistry indicatorsT2DM patients(N = 546)Control subjects(N = 546)
*Vitamin D deficiency with thyroid nodule (N = 186, mean ± SD)**Vitamin D sufficiency without thyroid nodule (N = 360, mean ± SD)P value*Vitamin D deficiency with thyroid nodule (N = 178, mean ± SD)**Vitamin D sufficiency without thyroid nodule (N = 368, mean ± SD)P value
*Vitamin D deficiency: 25(OH)D level < 20 ng/mL; **Vitamin D sufficiency: 25(OH) D level > 20 ng/mL.
Vitamin D (ng/mL)17.05 ± 3.7121.76 ± 4.960.00122.22 ± 8.6025.43 ± 9.07< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)12.76 ± 2.3513.09 ± 2.480.24812.90 ± 2.4813.10 ± 2.560.275
Magnesium (mmol/L)0.78 ± 0.100.92 ± 0.11< 0.0010.77 ± 0.100.89 ± 0.13< 0.001
Potassium (mmol/L)3.23 ± 0.383.47 ± 0.490.0013.34 ± 0.443.58 ± 0.60< 0.001
Serum calcium level (mmol/L)1.51 ± 0.461.70 ± 0.60< 0.0011.66 ± 0.451.84 ± 0.840.002
Phosphorous (mmol/L)1.25 ± 0.291.58 ± 0.710.0011.58 ± 0.491.60 ± 0.990.983
Creatinine(mmol/L)68.2 ± 16.468.1 ± 16.70.64268.3 ± 16.267.2 ± 17.50.492
Fasting blood glucose(mmol/L)7.60 ± 1.727.43 ± 1.960.3516.11 ± 1.356.88 ± 2.37< 0.001
HbA1C (mmol/L)7.55 ± 0.917.19 ± 0.970.0015.22 ± 0.305.14 ± 0.320.002
Cholesterol (mmol/L)4.75 ± 0.844.65 ± 0.640.1174.04 ± 0.494.00 ± 0.510.847
HDL (mmol/L)1.27 ± 0.351.45 ± 0.250.0011.19 ± 0.371.08 ± 0.30< 0.001
LDL (mmol/L)1.92 ± 0.631.54 ± 0.650.0451.67 ± 0.661.41 ± 0.60< 0.001
Albumin (mmol/L)41.50 ± 2.4540.75 ± 3.920.38639.81 ± 6.0840.75 ± 3.920.470
Bilirubin (mmol/L)6.39 ± 2.437.28 ± 2.380.2536.66 ± 2.477.31 ± 2.580.003
Triglyceride (mmol/L)1.82 ± 0.601.50 ± 0.720.0361.65 ± 0.631.154 ± 0.710.083
Uric acid (mmol/L)299.5 ± 61.46280.1 ± 64.85< 0.001269.0 ± 60.50264.9 ± 62.900.444
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)134.6 ± 13.0131.31 ± 13.60.006127.6 ± 13.4126.2 ± 130.760.139
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)78.9 ± 6.6077.2 ± 6. 7< 0.00176.5 ± 4.4175.5 ± 5.210.027
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)2.75 ± 0.952.40 ± 1.050.0051.97 ± 1.262.65 ± 1.02< 0.001
T32.07 ± 0.941.81 ± 1.10< 0.0011.81 ± 0.991.33 ± 0.81< 0.001
T41.44 ± 0.911.07 ± 0.52< 0.0011.01 ± 0.370.92 ± 0.320.002

 

Table 4. Clinical Biochemistry Baseline Based on Vitamin D Deficiency With Thyroid Nodules Among T2DM and Compared to Control Subject (N = 364)
 
Biochemistry indicatorsT2DM patients (N = 186)Control subjects (N = 178)P value
*Vitamin D deficiency with thyroid nodule (mean ± SD)*Vitamin D deficiency with thyroid nodule (mean ± SD)
*Vitamin D deficiency: 25(OH)D level < 20 ng/mL.
Vitamin D (ng/mL)17.05 ± 3.7122.22 ± 8.60< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)12.76 ± 2.3512.90 ± 2.480.635
Magnesium (mmol/L)0.78 ± 0.100.77 ± 0.100.340
Potassium (mmol/L)3.23 ± 0.383.34 ± 0.440.011
Serum calcium level (mmol/L)1.51 ± 0.461.66 ± 0.45< 0.001
Phosphorous (mmol/L)1.25 ± 0.291.58 ± 0.49< 0.001
Creatinine (mmol/L)68.2 ± 16.468.3 ± 16.20.953
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)7.60 ± 1.726.11 ± 1.35< 0.001
HbA1C (mmol/L)7.55 ± 0.915.22 ± 0.30< 0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)4.75 ± 0.844.04 ± 0.49< 0.001
HDL (mmol/L)1.27 ± 0.351.19 ± 0.370.034
LDL (mmol/L)1.92 ± 0.631.67 ± 0.66< 0.001
Albumin (mmol/L)41.50 ± 2.4539.81 ± 6.08< 0.001
Bilirubin (mmol/L)6.39 ± 2.436.66 ± 2.470.293
Triglyceride (mmol/L)1.82 ± 0.601.65 ± 0.630.008
Uric acid (mmol/L)299.5 ± 61.46269.0 ± 60.50< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)134.6 ± 13.0127.6 ± 13.4< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)78.9 ± 6.6076.5 ± 4.41< 0.001
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)2.75 ± 0.951.97 ± 1.26< 0.001
T32.07 ± 0.941.81 ± 0.990.010
T41.44 ± 0.911.01 ± 0.37< 0.001

 

Table 5. Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for Predictors Presence of Thyroid Disorder Among T2DM Patients (N = 1,092)
 
Independent variablesAdjusted odds ratio95% Confidence intervalP value
TSH, mIU/L4.413.22 - 5.61< 0.001
HbA1C (mmol/L)3.672.84 - 4.92< 0.001
Vitamin D deficiency3.341.60 - 5.50< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg2.72.39 - 3.10< 0.001
Family history of T2DM2.412.13 - 3.87< 0.001
BMI ( kg/m2)2.231.94 - 3.060.005
Serum calcium level (mmol/L)1.981.66 - 2.840.008
Family history of thyroid1.751.43 - 2.920.01