J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 8, August 2018, pages 630-635

Association Between Visceral Fat Accumulation and Exercise Tolerance in Non-Obese Subjects Without Diabetes

Figure 1. Correlation between the visceral fat area and maximum oxygen uptake. A significant inverse relationship was observed between the visceral fat area and maximum oxygen uptake in the non-obese subjects (r = -0.37, P < 0.01, n = 74).

**Table 1.** Characteristics of Each Group
	Group A (n = 38)	Group B (n = 36)	P
Data are presented as the mean value ± SD. BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HMW adiponectin: high molecular weight adiponectin; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GT: glutamyltranspeptidase.
Age, yrs	42.2 ± 4.2	44.0 ± 3.4	NS
BMI, kg/m²	22.9 ± 1.0	24.0 ± 0.5	< 0.01
Abdominal circumference, cm	81.1 ± 5.2	85.8 ± 4.5	< 0.01
Visceral fat area, cm²	77.5 ± 30.2	99.1 ± 23.6	< 0.01
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	118 ± 7	133 ± 13	< 0.01
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	110 ± 23	125 ± 28	< 0.05
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	64 ± 12	55 ± 14	< 0.01
Triglyceride, mg/dL	74 ± 29	179 ± 100	< 0.01
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	93 ± 6	97 ± 8	< 0.05
Fasting insulin, µU/dL	4.2 ± 1.9	6.2 ± 3.2	< 0.01
HOMA-IR	0.9 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.8	< 0.01
Hemoglobin A1c, %	4.8 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 0.3	NS
HMW adiponectin, µg/mL	1.7 ± 1.2	0.9 ± 0.7	< 0.01
AST, IU/L	20 ± 5	26 ± 6	< 0.01
ALT, IU/L	20 ± 7	33 ± 19	< 0.01
γ-GT, IU/L	34 ± 26	59 ± 50	< 0.01
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.80 ± 0.09	0.80 ± 0.08	NS
Metabolic syndrome (%)	0 (0)	8 (22)	< 0.01

Table 1. Characteristics of Each Group

Group A (n = 38)

Group B (n = 36)

Data are presented as the mean value ± SD. BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HMW adiponectin: high molecular weight adiponectin; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GT: glutamyltranspeptidase.

Age, yrs

42.2 ± 4.2

44.0 ± 3.4

BMI, kg/m²

22.9 ± 1.0

24.0 ± 0.5

< 0.01

Abdominal circumference, cm

81.1 ± 5.2

85.8 ± 4.5

< 0.01

Visceral fat area, cm²

77.5 ± 30.2

99.1 ± 23.6

< 0.01

Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

118 ± 7

133 ± 13

< 0.01

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

110 ± 23

125 ± 28

< 0.05

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

64 ± 12

55 ± 14

< 0.01

Triglyceride, mg/dL

74 ± 29

179 ± 100

< 0.01

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

93 ± 6

97 ± 8

< 0.05

Fasting insulin, µU/dL

4.2 ± 1.9

6.2 ± 3.2

< 0.01

HOMA-IR

0.9 ± 0.4

1.5 ± 0.8

< 0.01

Hemoglobin A1c, %

4.8 ± 0.2

4.9 ± 0.3

HMW adiponectin, µg/mL

1.7 ± 1.2

0.9 ± 0.7

< 0.01

AST, IU/L

20 ± 5

26 ± 6

< 0.01

ALT, IU/L

20 ± 7

33 ± 19

< 0.01

γ-GT, IU/L

34 ± 26

59 ± 50

< 0.01

Creatinine, mg/dL

0.80 ± 0.09

0.80 ± 0.08

Metabolic syndrome (%)

0 (0)

8 (22)

< 0.01

**Table 2.** Comparison of Parameters of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Each Group
	Group A (n = 38)	Group B (n = 36)	P
Data are presented as the mean value ± SD. HR: heart rate; BP: blood pressure.
HR at rest, bpm	74 ± 13	79 ± 11	< 0.05
HR at maximal exercise, bpm	173 ± 14	169 ± 15	NS
HR at 1 min after exercise, bpm	144 ± 14	139 ± 14	NS
HR at 3 min after exercise, bpm	121 ± 12	114 ± 14	NS
HR at 5 min after exercise, bpm	108 ± 13	100 ± 21	NS
BP at rest, mm Hg	124 ± 11	136 ± 10	< 0.01
BP at maximal exercise, mm Hg	205 ± 21	223 ± 22	< 0.01
BP at 1 min after exercise, mm Hg	172 ± 22	178 ± 34	NS
BP at 3 min after exercise, mm Hg	165 ± 13	177 ± 37	NS
BP at 5 min after exercise, mm Hg	137 ± 19	147 ± 26	NS
Anaerobic threshold, mL/kg/min	20.0 ± 6.1	16.3 ± 3.8	< 0.01
Maximal oxygen uptake, mL/kg/min	35.4 ± 7.1	30.5 ± 5.7	< 0.01

Table 2. Comparison of Parameters of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Each Group

Group A (n = 38)

Group B (n = 36)

Data are presented as the mean value ± SD. HR: heart rate; BP: blood pressure.

HR at rest, bpm

74 ± 13

79 ± 11

< 0.05

HR at maximal exercise, bpm

173 ± 14

169 ± 15

HR at 1 min after exercise, bpm

144 ± 14

139 ± 14

HR at 3 min after exercise, bpm

121 ± 12

114 ± 14

HR at 5 min after exercise, bpm

108 ± 13

100 ± 21

BP at rest, mm Hg

124 ± 11

136 ± 10

< 0.01

BP at maximal exercise, mm Hg

205 ± 21

223 ± 22

< 0.01

BP at 1 min after exercise, mm Hg

172 ± 22

178 ± 34

BP at 3 min after exercise, mm Hg

165 ± 13

177 ± 37

BP at 5 min after exercise, mm Hg

137 ± 19

147 ± 26

Anaerobic threshold, mL/kg/min

20.0 ± 6.1

16.3 ± 3.8

< 0.01

Maximal oxygen uptake, mL/kg/min

35.4 ± 7.1

30.5 ± 5.7

< 0.01

**Table 3.** Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Factors on Exercise Tolerance in Non-Obese Subjects
	β	P
HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-nsulin resistance; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; HMW adiponectin: high molecular weight adiponectin.
Body mass index, kg/m²	0.01	NS
Visceral fat area, cm²	-0.26	0.04
Triglyceride, mg/dL	-0.22	NS
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	0.08	NS
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	-0.08	NS
HOMA-IR	-0.01	NS
ALT, IU/L	-0.01	NS
HMW adiponectin, µg/mL	0.02	NS

Table 3. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Factors on Exercise Tolerance in Non-Obese Subjects

HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-nsulin resistance; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; HMW adiponectin: high molecular weight adiponectin.

Body mass index, kg/m²

0.01

Visceral fat area, cm²

-0.26

0.04

Triglyceride, mg/dL

-0.22

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

0.08

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

-0.08

HOMA-IR

-0.01

ALT, IU/L

-0.01

HMW adiponectin, µg/mL

0.02

**Table 4.** Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Factors on Exercise Tolerance in Non-Obese Subjects
	β	P
Body mass index, kg/m²	0.02	NS
Abdominal circumference, cm²	-0.21	NS
Triglyceride, mg/dL	-0.23	NS
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	0.08	NS
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	-0.08	NS
HOMA-IR	-0.01	NS
ALT, IU/L	-0.02	NS
HMW adiponectin, µg/mL	0.04	NS

Table 4. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis of Factors on Exercise Tolerance in Non-Obese Subjects

Body mass index, kg/m²

0.02

Abdominal circumference, cm²

-0.21

Triglyceride, mg/dL

-0.23

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

0.08

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

-0.08

HOMA-IR

-0.01

ALT, IU/L

-0.02

HMW adiponectin, µg/mL

0.04