Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 6, June 2018, pages 516-522


Depressed Women of Low Socioeconomic Status Have High Numbers of Physician Visits in the Year Before Pregnancy: Implications for Care

Tables

Table 1. Births by Maternal Age, SES, Parity and at Least One Maternal Physician Visit Associated With Depression
 
SES decileTotal
12345678910
SES: socioeconomic status.
Maternal age
  < 20 years1,541 (4.3%)1,195 (3.1%)1,111 (2.9%)970 (2.6%)895 (2.5%)851 (2.4%)721 (2.1%)666 (2.0%)645 (2.0%)449 (1.7%)9,044 (2.6%)
  20 - 29 years16,766 (46.9%)17,613 (45.8%)17,406 (44.9%)15,888 (42.9%)14,918 (40.9%)13,945 (39.1%)12,749 (37.3%)12,212 (36.2%)10,772 (34.1%)8,034 (30.2%)140,303 (40.3%)
  30 - 39 years16,186 (45.3%)18,427 (47.9%)18,925 (48.8%)18,946 (51.1%)19,283 (52.8%)19,411 (54.5%)19,243 (56.3%)19,382 (57.5%)18,577 (58.8%)16,439 (61.8%)184,819 (53.1%)
  > 40 years1,252 (3.5%)1,262 (3.3%)1,347 (3.5%)1,259 (3.4%)1,400 (3.8%)1,419 (4.0%)1,437 (4.2%)1,428 (4.2%)1,567 (5.0%)1,657 (6.2%)14,028 (4.0%)
  Missing6 (0.0%)5 (0.0%)7 (0.0%)9 (0.0%)10 (0.0%)7 (0.0%)8 (0.0%)11 (0.0%)12 (0.0%)4 (0.0%)79 (0.0%)
Parity
  Nulliparous16,503 (46.2%)17,373 (45.1%)17,504 (45.1%)16,618 (44.8%)16,139 (44.2%)15,842 (44.5%)15,176 (44.4%)14,671 (43.5%)13,684 (43.3%)11,539 (43.4%)155,049 (44.5%)
  Multiparous19,240 (53.8%)21,120 (54.9%)21,284 (55.4%)20,442 (55.1%)20,355 (55.8%)19,782 (55.5%)18,973 (55.5%)19,014 (56.4%)17,875 (56.6%)15,040 (56.6%)193,125 (55.5%)
  Missing8 (0.0%)9 (0.0%)8 (0.0%)12 (0.0%)12 (0.0%)9 (0.0%)9 (0.0%)14 (0.0%)14 (0.0%)4 (0.0%)99 (0.0%)
At least one physician visit associated with depression before the pregnancy
  No33,980 (95.1%)36,812 (95.3%)36,979 (95.3%)35,339 (95.3%)34,911 (95.6%)33,989 (95.4%)32,613 (95.5%)32,170 (95.5%)30,192 (95.6%)25,435 (95.7%)332,420 (95.5%)
  Yes1,771 (5.0%)1,690 (4.4%)1,817 (4.7%)1,733 (4.7%)1,595 (4.4%)1,644 (4.6%)1,545 (4.5%)1,529 (4.5%)1,381 (4.4%)1,148 (4.3%)15,853 (4.6%)
  Total35,751 (100%)38,502 (100%)38,796 (100%)37,072 (100%)36,506 (100%)35,633 (100%)34,158 (100%)33,699 (100%)31,573 (100%)26,583 (100%)348, 273 (100%)

 

Table 2. Odds* of at Least One Physician Visit Associated With Depression During Pre-Pregnancy by SES
 
SES decileModelNo visitOdds ratio
SES: socioeconomic status; uOR; unadjusted odds ratio; aOR; adjusted odds ratio; No visit; No physician visit associated with depression. **P < 0.0056 (lowered from 0.05 in accordance with Bonferroni’s approximation). *Age at the birth of the child and parity are included in the multivariate model.
1uOR….1.13 (1.05, 1.22)**
aOR1.10 (1.02, 1.19)
2uOR….0.97 (0.90, 1.05)
aOR0.97 (0.89, 1.04)
3uOR….1.04 (0.97, 1.12)
aOR1.03 (0.96, 1.11)
4uOR….1.05 (0.98, 1.14)
aOR1.05 (0.97, 1.13)
5uOR….0.96 (0.89, 1.04)
aOR0.97 (0.89, 1.04)
6Comparator group
7uOR….1.00 (0.93, 1.09)
aOR1.01 (0.93, 1.09)
8uOR….1.04 (0.96, 1.12)
aOR1.05 (0.97, 1.13)
9uOR….1.00 (0.93, 1.08)
aOR1.01 (0.94, 1.10)
10uOR….0.98 (0.90, 1.07)
aOR0.99 (0.91, 1.08)

 

Table 3. Odds* of Various Numbers of Physician Visits in Women by Depressive Status and SES During Pre-Pregnancy
 
SES decileModelNon-depressedDepressed
0 - 1 visits2 - 10 visits11 - 20 visitsMore than 20 visits2 - 10 visits11 - 20 visitsMore than 20 visits
SES: socioeconomic status; uOR; unadjusted odds ratio; aOR; adjusted odds ratio; 0-1: no visit or one physician visit associated with depression. ***P < 0.0005. Note: Significance level is 0.0019 (lowered from 0.05 in accordance with Bonferroni’s approximation). *Age at the birth of the child and parity are included in the multivariate model.
1uOR….1.03 (1.00, 1.07)1.05 (0.98, 1.13)1.23 (1.10, 1.37)***1.12 (0.95, 1.32)1.13 (0.93, 1.39)1.44 (1.14, 1.83)
aOR1.05 (1.01, 1.09)1.07 (0.99, 1.14)1.26 (1.13, 1.41)***1.12 (0.95, 1.32)1.14 (0.93, 1.39)1.46 (1.15, 1.86)
2uOR….1.04 (1.00, 1.08)1.07 (1.00, 1.15)1.20 (1.08, 1.34)1.12 (0.96, 1.32)1.01 (0.83, 1.25)1.23 (0.96, 1.57)
aOR1.06 (1.02, 1.09)1.09 (1.01, 1.16)1.24 (1.11, 1.38)***1.12 (0.95, 1.32)1.02 (0.83, 1.26)1.26 (0.98, 1.61)
3uOR….1.00 (0.96, 1.03)1.07 (0.99, 1.14)1.08 (0.97, 1.21)1.06 (0.90, 1.24)0.92 (0.75, 1.12)0.98 (0.77, 1.26)
aOR1.01 (0.98, 1.05)1.08 (1.01, 1.16)1.11 (0.99, 1.23)1.03 (0.88, 1.21)0.90 (0.74, 1.11)0.99 (0.77, 1.26)
4uOR….1.02 (0.98, 1.05)1.09 (1.02, 1.17)1.12 (1.01, 1.25)1.13 (0.96, 1.33)1.03 (0.84, 1.27)1.22 (0.96, 1.56)
aOR1.03 (0.99, 1.06)1.11 (1.03, 1.19)1.14 (1.03, 1.28)1.12 (0.95, 1.32)1.03 (0.84, 1.27)1.23 (0.96, 1.58)
5uOR….1.00 (0.97, 1.05)1.07 (1.00, 1.15)1.09 (0.98, 1.22)0.99 (0.84, 1.17)1.01 (0.82, 1.24)1.00 (0.78, 1.29)
aOR1.01 (0.97, 1.05)1.08 (1.01, 1.16)1.10 (0.99, 1.23)0.97 (0.82, 1.15)0.99 (0.80, 1.25)0.99 (0.77, 1.28)
6Comparator group
7uOR….1.01 (0.97, 1.05)1.03 (0.96, 1.10)0.97 (0.86, 1.08)1.12 (0.95, 1.32)1.06 (0.86, 1.31)0.97 (0.75, 1.26)
aOR1.00 (0.97, 1.04)1.02 (0.95, 1.10)0.96 (0.85, 1.07)1.12 (0.95, 1.33)1.06 (0.86, 1.31)0.97 (0.75, 1.26)
8uOR….1.01 (0.97, 1.04)0.97 (0.90, 1.05)1.02 (0.91, 1.15)1.14 (0.96, 1.35)1.07 (0.86, 1.32)1.30 (1.01, 1.67)
aOR1.00 (0.96, 1.04)0.97 (0.90, 1.04)1.02 (0.91, 1.14)1.11 (0.94, 1.32)1.05 (0.84, 1.29)1.29 (1.00, 1.65)
9uOR….0.99 (0.95, 1.03)1.01 (0.93, 1.08)1.06 (0.95, 1.19)1.21 (1.02, 1.44)1.05 (0.85, 1.31)1.10 (0.84, 1.45)
aOR0.98 (0.94, 1.02)0.99 (0.92, 1.07)1.04 (0.93, 1.16)1.15 (0.97, 1.37)1.00 (0.80, 1.25)1.04 (0.79, 1.36)
10uOR….0.98 (0.94, 1.02)0.96 (0.88, 1.03)0.89 (0.79, 1.01)1.17 (0.98, 1.40)1.12 (0.89, 1.41)0.91 (0.84, 1.43)
aOR0.95 (0.91, 0.99)0.92 (0.85, 1.00)0.85 (0.75, 0.96)1.13 (0.94, 1.36)1.08 (0.86, 1.36)0.86 (0.64, 1.16)