J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 3, March 2018, pages 210-216

Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Northwestern Mexican City

**Table 1.** Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Women and Prevalence of *T. gondii* Infection
Characteristics	No.	Prevalence of T. gondii infection	P value
^aLaborer: business, employee, professional, or agriculture.^bNon-laborer: housewife, student, or none.
Age group (years)
13 - 30	399	10	2.5	0.003
31 - 46	46	6	13.0
Birth place
Sonora State	440	16	3.6	0.91
Other Mexican State	4	0	0.0
Abroad	1	0	0.0
Residence place
Sonora State	441	16	3.6	1.00
Other Mexican State	4	0	0.0
Residence area
Urban	392	12	3.1	0.18
Suburban	8	1	12.5
Rural	45	3	6.7
Educational level
No education	17	0	0.0	0.74
1 - 6 years	106	5	4.7
7 - 12 years	317	11	3.5
> 12 years	5	0	0.0
Occupation
Laborer^a	32	4	12.5	0.02
Non-laborer^b	413	12	2.9
Socio-economic level
Low	6	1	16.7	0.07
Medium	352	10	2.8
High	87	5	5.7

Table 1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Women and Prevalence of T. gondii Infection

Characteristics

No.

Prevalence of T. gondii infection

P value

No.

^aLaborer: business, employee, professional, or agriculture.^bNon-laborer: housewife, student, or none.

Age group (years)

13 - 30

399

2.5

0.003

31 - 46

13.0

Birth place

Sonora State

440

3.6

0.91

Other Mexican State

0.0

Abroad

0.0

Residence place

Sonora State

441

3.6

1.00

Other Mexican State

0.0

Residence area

Urban

392

3.1

0.18

Suburban

12.5

Rural

6.7

Educational level

No education

0.0

0.74

1 - 6 years

106

4.7

7 - 12 years

317

3.5

> 12 years

0.0

Occupation

Laborer^a

12.5

0.02

Non-laborer^b

413

2.9

Socio-economic level

Low

16.7

0.07

Medium

352

2.8

High

5.7

**Table 2.** Bivariate Analysis of Selected Putative Risk Factors for Infection With *T. gondii* in Women
Characteristics	No. of women tested	Prevalence of T. gondii infection	P value
Cats at home
Yes	154	6	3.9	0.80
No	291	10	3.4
Cleaning cat excrement
Yes	58	1	1.7	0.70
No	387	15	3.9
Traveled abroad
Yes	291	12	4.1	0.41
No	154	4	2.6
National trips
Yes	274	7	2.6	0.21
No	169	8	4.7
Pork meat consumption
Yes	402	14	3.5	0.69
No	43	2	4.7
Beef consumption
Yes	418	16	3.8	0.61
No	27	0	0.0
Goat meat consumption
Yes	25	2	8.0	0.22
No	420	14	3.3
Sheep meat consumption
Yes	67	5	7.5	0.07
No	378	11	2.9
Boar meat consumption
Yes	14	2	14.3	0.08
No	431	14	3.2
Venison consumption
Yes	38	3	7.9	0.14
No	407	13	3.2
Horse meat consumption
Yes	15	1	6.7	0.42
No	430	15	3.5
Raw meat consumption
Yes	6	0	0.0	1.00
No	439	16	3.6
Cow raw milk consumption
Yes	121	3	2.5	0.57
No	324	13	4.0
Goat raw milk consumption
Yes	21	1	4.8	0.54
No	424	15	3.5
Unwashed raw vegetables consumption
Yes	66	0	0.0	0.14
No	379	16	4.2
Untreated water consumption
Yes	37	0	0.0	0.38
No	408	16	3.9
Soil contact
Yes	149	7	4.7	0.37
No	296	9	3.0

Table 2. Bivariate Analysis of Selected Putative Risk Factors for Infection With T. gondii in Women

Characteristics

No. of women tested

Prevalence of T. gondii infection

P value

No.

Cats at home

Yes

154

3.9

0.80

291

3.4

Cleaning cat excrement

Yes

1.7

0.70

387

3.9

Traveled abroad

Yes

291

4.1

0.41

154

2.6

National trips

Yes

274

2.6

0.21

169

4.7

Pork meat consumption

Yes

402

3.5

0.69

4.7

Beef consumption

Yes

418

3.8

0.61

0.0

Goat meat consumption

Yes

8.0

0.22

420

3.3

Sheep meat consumption

Yes

7.5

0.07

378

2.9

Boar meat consumption

Yes

14.3

0.08

431

3.2

Venison consumption

Yes

7.9

0.14

407

3.2

Horse meat consumption

Yes

6.7

0.42

430

3.5

Raw meat consumption

Yes

0.0

1.00

439

3.6

Cow raw milk consumption

Yes

121

2.5

0.57

324

4.0

Goat raw milk consumption

Yes

4.8

0.54

424

3.5

Unwashed raw vegetables consumption

Yes

0.0

0.14

379

4.2

Untreated water consumption

Yes

0.0

0.38

408

3.9

Soil contact

Yes

149

4.7

0.37

296

3.0

**Table 3.** Multivariate Analysis of Selected Characteristics of Women and Their Association With *T. gondii* Infection
Characteristics	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Older age (31 - 46 years old)	5.30	1.37 - 20.50	0.01
Occupation (laborer)	1.85	0.40 - 8.52	0.42
Socio-economic level (low)	1.45	0.46 - 4.48	0.51
Sheep meat consumption (yes)	2.35	0.74 - 7.42	0.14
Boar meat consumption (yes)	6.86	1.27 - 37.07	0.02

Table 3. Multivariate Analysis of Selected Characteristics of Women and Their Association With T. gondii Infection

Characteristics

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

P value

Older age (31 - 46 years old)

5.30

1.37 - 20.50

0.01

Occupation (laborer)

1.85

0.40 - 8.52

0.42

Socio-economic level (low)

1.45

0.46 - 4.48

0.51

Sheep meat consumption (yes)

2.35

0.74 - 7.42

0.14

Boar meat consumption (yes)

6.86

1.27 - 37.07

0.02

**Table 4.** Bivariate Analysis of Clinical Data of Women and Seroprevalence of Infection With *T. gondii*
Characteristics	No. of women tested	Prevalence of T. gondii infection	P value
Pregnancies
Yes	66	6	9.1	0.02
No	379	10	2.6
Deliveries
Yes	52	4	7.7	0.10
No	393	12	3.1
Cesarean sections
Yes	30	3	10.0	0.08
No	415	13	3.1
Miscarriages
Yes	8	2	25.0	0.03
No	437	14	3.2
Blood transfusion
Yes	14	0	0	1.00
No	431	16	3.7

Table 4. Bivariate Analysis of Clinical Data of Women and Seroprevalence of Infection With T. gondii

Characteristics

No. of women tested

Prevalence of T. gondii infection

P value

No.

Pregnancies

Yes

9.1

0.02

379

2.6

Deliveries

Yes

7.7

0.10

393

3.1

Cesarean sections

Yes

10.0

0.08

415

3.1

Miscarriages

Yes

25.0

0.03

437

3.2

Blood transfusion

Yes

1.00

431

3.7