Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 2, February 2018, pages 125-133


Prevalence of Migraine Headache in Taif City, Saudi Arabia

Figure

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Sex-specific prevalence of migraine with associated CI sorted by age.

Tables

Table 1. The IHS Criteria for Migraine [6]
 
Migraine without aura
  A. At least five attacks fulfilling criteria B-D.
  B. Headache attacks lasting 4 - 72 h (untreated or unsuccessfully treated)
  C. Headache has at least two of the following four characteristics:
    1. Unilateral location
    2. Pulsating quality
    3. Moderate or severe pain intensity
    4. Aggravation by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity (e.g., walking or climbing stairs)
  D. During headache at least one of the following:
    1. Nausea and/or vomiting
    2. Photophobia and phonophobia
  E. Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis.
Migraine with aura
  A. At least two attacks fulfilling criteria B and C
  B. One or more of the following fully reversible aura symptoms:
    1. Visual
    2. Sensory
    3. Speech and/or language
    4. Motor
    5. Brainstem
    6. Retinal
  C. At least two of the following four characteristics:
    1. At least one aura symptom spreads gradually over ≥ 5 min, and/or two or more symptoms occur in succession
    2. Each individual aura symptom lasts 5 - 60 min
    3. At least one aura symptom is unilateral
    4. The aura is accompanied, or followed within 60 min, by headache
  D. Not better accounted for by another ICHD-3 diagnosis, and transient ischemic attack has been excluded

 

Table 2. Prevalence of Migraine in Different Study Groups Sorted by Gender
 
DiagnosisFemaleMale
NPrevalence (%)NPrevalence (%)
Migraineurs with aura2616.3136.7
Migraineurs without aura106.310.5
Headachers10364.412564.4
Non-headachers2113.15528.4
Total160100.0194100.0

 

Table 3. Different Demographic Characteristics Among Study Participants
 
FemaleMaleTotalP
N%N%N%
*The Chi-square statistic is significant (P < 0.05). †The Chi-square statistic is significant (P < 0.001). N: number of observations.
Habitat
  City15194.4%16786.1%31889.8%0.010*
  Town/village95.6%2713.9%3610.2%
Marital status
  Divorced63.8%10.5%72.0%0.056
  Married7446.3%8845.4%16245.8%
  Single7848.8%10554.1%18351.7%
  Widow21.3%00.0%20.6%
  Employed4729.4%9549.0%14240.1%< 0.001†
  Retired21.3%157.7%174.8%
Employment status
  Student “not working”5333.1%4623.7%9928.0%
  Student “working”106.3%73.6%174.8%
  Unemployed4830.0%3116.0%7922.3%
Education Level
  Bachelor’s10163.1%10453.6%20557.9%0.232
  Diploma63.8%115.7%174.8%
  High school/or less4326.9%6935.6%11231.6%
  Master74.4%94.6%164.5%
  PhD31.9%10.5%41.1%
Smoking tobacco
  No15596.9%12363.4%27878.5%< 0.001†
  Yes53.1%7136.6%7621.5%

 

Table 4. Characteristics Migraine and Associated Diagnostics/Medications Among Study Participants
 
FemaleMaleTotalP
N%N%N%
The Chi-square statistic is significant (P < 0.05). †The Chi-square statistic is significant (P < 0.001). N: number of observations.
Headache
  No2113.1%5528.4%7621.5%0.002*
  Yes13986.9%13971.6%27878.5%
Headache frequency
  2 - 42920.9%3625.9%6523.4%< 0.001†
  Five times and more8762.6%6848.9%15555.8%
  Less than 2 times2316.5%3525.2%5820.9%
Headache duration
  1 - 3 days2518.0%96.5%3412.2%0.108
  13 - 24 h139.4%75.0%207.2%
  6 - 4 h3424.5%3122.3%6523.4%
  7 - 12 h117.9%96.5%207.2%
  Less than 4 h4834.5%8158.3%12946.4%
  More than 3 days85.8%21.4%103.6%
Pain score
  1 - 32014.4%2518.0%4516.2%0.002*
  4 - 65237.4%7654.7%12846.0%
  6 - 94532.4%3122.3%7627.3%
  > 92215.8%75.0%2910.4%
Pain type
  Burning pain64.3%10.7%72.5%0.001*
  Pressure pain6446.0%5942.4%12344.2%
  Throbbing pain6949.6%7956.8%14853.2%
Examined by a doctor
  No9467.6%10273.4%19670.5%< 0.001†
  Yes4532.4%3726.6%8229.5%
Investigations done
  Blood tests107.2%32.2%134.7%0.001*
  CT107.2%64.3%165.8%
  EEG (electroencephalogram)42.9%64.3%103.6%
  MRI10.7%10.7%20.7%
  MRT53.6%00.0%51.8%
  None10877.7%12287.8%23082.7%
  X-ray10.7%10.7%20.7%
Headache medications
  No6143.9%5741.0%11842.4%0.009*
  Yes7856.1%8259.0%16057.6%
Improvement by medications
  Always2835.9%3137.8%5936.9%0.003*
  Never11.3%11.2%21.3%
  Sometimes4962.8%5061.0%9961.9%

 

Table 5. History and Nature of the Attacks Among Study Participants
 
FemaleMaleTotalP
N%N%N%
*The Chi-square statistic is significant (P < 0.05). †The Chi-square statistic is significant (P < 0.001). N: number of observations.
Symptoms before attack
  Muscle weakness31.9%73.6%102.8%0.002*
  Nausea3320.6%2110.8%5415.3%
  None5836.3%6332.5%12134.2%
  Numbness in the skin21.3%42.1%61.7%
  Sensitivity to light1610.0%63.1%226.2%
  Sensitivity to noise74.4%94.6%164.5%
  Sight disorders159.4%2613.4%4111.6%
  Speech defects21.3%31.5%51.4%
  Vomiting21.3%00.0%20.6%
Symptoms during attack
  Nausea5836.3%2110.8%7922.3%< 0.001†
  None3119.4%7136.6%10228.8%
  Sensitivity to light2515.6%2914.9%5415.3%
  Sensitivity to noise1911.9%178.8%3610.2%
  Vomiting53.1%10.5%61.7%
Symptoms after attack
  Muscle weakness85.0%63.1%144.0%0.108*
  Nausea95.6%105.2%195.4%
  None9458.8%9951.0%19354.5%
  Numbness in the skin21.3%21.0%41.1%
  Sensitivity to light95.6%42.1%133.7%
  Sensitivity to noise63.8%63.1%123.4%
  Sight disorders53.1%84.1%133.7%
  Speech defects31.9%31.5%61.7%
  Vomiting21.3%10.5%30.8%
Knowing the trigger
  No8050.0%8744.8%16747.2%0.002*
  Yes5936.9%5226.8%11131.4%
Waking up by pain
  Always1610.0%73.6%236.5%0.001
  Never6339.4%7940.7%14240.1%
  Sometimes5936.9%5226.8%11131.4%
Family history of headache
  No4230.2%5841.7%10036.0%< 0.001†
  Yes9769.8%8158.3%17864.0%

 

Table 6. Logistic Regression Between Different Co-Variables and Migraine Prevalence
 
PredictorsBSEAdjusted OR (95% CI)†P
B: logistic regression coefficient; SE: standard error of logistic regression coefficient; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; P: probability value. *Statistically significant (< 0.05). †Adjusted relative odds are odds ratio for migraineur status relative to the reference group (= 1.0) for each covariate, after adjusting for all covariates by logistic regression.
Age-0.030.020.97 (0.93 - 1.02)0.219
Gender-1.280.420.28 (0.12 - 0.63)0.002*
Habitat-0.770.770.46 (0.1 - 2.11)0.320
Marital status-0.460.370.63 (0.3 - 1.3)0.211
Employment status-0.220.120.8 (0.64 - 1.01)0.060
Education level0.060.151.06 (0.79 - 1.42)0.694
Smoking tobacco0.010.511.01 (0.37 - 2.76)0.978