J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 11, November 2017, pages 917-925

Body Composition Is Altered in Pre-Diabetic Patients With Impaired Fasting Glucose Tolerance: Results From the NHANES Survey

Figure 1. Lean mass and fat mass distribution adjusted for covariates (age, height, weight, ethnicity, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption) for men. * means that groups are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05).

Figure 2. Lean mass and fat mass distribution adjusted for covariates (age, height, weight, ethnicity, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption) for women. * means that groups are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05).

**Table 1.** Characteristics of All Participants in Men
Men	NGT (n = 1,223)	Low IFG (n = 330)	High IFG (n = 228)	T2DM (n = 130)	P-value
Data are mean with standard deviation or n with percentage in brackets. Groups marked with different letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05). Groups marked with the same letters are not significantly different from each other. WC: waist circumference; FBG: fasting blood glucose; PA: physical activity; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP: C-reactive protein.
Age (years)	63.0 ± 11.9^b	64.9 ± 12.0^a	66.7 ± 11.5^a	64.8 ± 10.3^a,b	< 0.0001
Height (cm)	173.4 ± 7.6	173.4 ± 7.6	173.0 ± 7.4	172.7 ± 7.5	NS
Weight (kg)	83.3 ± 16.0^c	84.5 ± 16.1^b,c	87.4 ± 19.3^b	88.5 ± 18.0^a	< 0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	27.6 ± 4.5^c	28.0 ± 4.5^c	29.1 ± 5.7^b	29.7 ± 5.6^a	< 0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)	100.6 ± 12.2^c	102.3 ± 12.1^b	105.4 ± 14.2^a	106.4 ± 12.5^a	< 0.0001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.03 ± 0.4^d	5.81 ± 0.1^c	6.4 ± 0.3^b	9.3 ± 2.4^a	< 0.0001
HbA1c (%)	5.42 ± 0.4^d	5.6 ± 0.5^c	5.8 ± 0.6^b	7.5 ± 2.0^a	< 0.0001
Alcohol (g/day)	11.6 ± 25.4^a	10.8 ± 22.6^a	13.3 ± 29.3^a	5.7 ± 15.2^b	0.0002
Physical activity (PA) (h/day)
Low intensity PA (h/day)	2.8 ± 1.6	2.8 ± 1.6	2.8 ± 1.8	2.9 ± 1.6	NS
Moderate intensity PA (h/day)	0.6 ± 1.2	0.5 ± 1.1	0.6 ± 1.2	0.6 ± 1.3	NS
Vigorous intensity PA (h/day)	0.1 ± 0.4	0.1 ± 0.3	0.1 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.5	NS
Ethnicity, n (%)
Hispanic and other	325 (26.5)	99 (30.0)	63 (27.6)	45 (34.6)	0.002
Non-Hispanic White	707 (57.8)	197 (59.7)	130 (57.0)	64 (49.2)	0.001
Non-Hispanic Black	191 (15.7)	34 (10.3)	35 (15.4)	21 (16.2)	0.005
Smoking status, n (%)
Current smoker	244 (20.0)	52 (15.8)	32 (14.0)	19 (14.6)	0.021
Occasionally	30 (2.5)	8 (2.4)	7 (3.1)	5 (3.8)	NS
Never smoker	949 (77.5)	270 (81.8)	189 (82.9)	106 (81.6)	NS
Insulin (µU/mL)	9.2 ± 6.8^c	12.0 ± 7.7^c	14.9 ± 10.3^b	20.1 ± 17.4^a	< 0.0001
HOMA-IR	2.1 ± 1.6^c	3.1 ± 2.0^c	4.3 ± 3.1^b	8.0 ± 7.1^a	< 0.0001
CRP (mg/dL)	0.4 ± 0.7	0.5 ± 1.1	0.6 ± 1.2	0.6 ± 1.4	NS

Table 1. Characteristics of All Participants in Men

Men

NGT (n = 1,223)

Low IFG (n = 330)

High IFG (n = 228)

T2DM (n = 130)

P-value

Data are mean with standard deviation or n with percentage in brackets. Groups marked with different letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05). Groups marked with the same letters are not significantly different from each other. WC: waist circumference; FBG: fasting blood glucose; PA: physical activity; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP: C-reactive protein.

Age (years)

63.0 ± 11.9^b

64.9 ± 12.0^a

66.7 ± 11.5^a

64.8 ± 10.3^a,b

< 0.0001

Height (cm)

173.4 ± 7.6

173.0 ± 7.4

172.7 ± 7.5

Weight (kg)

83.3 ± 16.0^c

84.5 ± 16.1^b,c

87.4 ± 19.3^b

88.5 ± 18.0^a

< 0.0001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.6 ± 4.5^c

28.0 ± 4.5^c

29.1 ± 5.7^b

29.7 ± 5.6^a

< 0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

100.6 ± 12.2^c

102.3 ± 12.1^b

105.4 ± 14.2^a

106.4 ± 12.5^a

< 0.0001

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.03 ± 0.4^d

5.81 ± 0.1^c

6.4 ± 0.3^b

9.3 ± 2.4^a

< 0.0001

HbA1c (%)

5.42 ± 0.4^d

5.6 ± 0.5^c

5.8 ± 0.6^b

7.5 ± 2.0^a

< 0.0001

Alcohol (g/day)

11.6 ± 25.4^a

10.8 ± 22.6^a

13.3 ± 29.3^a

5.7 ± 15.2^b

0.0002

Physical activity (PA) (h/day)

Low intensity PA (h/day)

2.8 ± 1.6

2.8 ± 1.8

2.9 ± 1.6

Moderate intensity PA (h/day)

0.6 ± 1.2

0.5 ± 1.1

0.6 ± 1.2

0.6 ± 1.3

Vigorous intensity PA (h/day)

0.1 ± 0.4

0.1 ± 0.3

0.1 ± 0.2

0.1 ± 0.5

Ethnicity, n (%)

Hispanic and other

325 (26.5)

99 (30.0)

63 (27.6)

45 (34.6)

0.002

Non-Hispanic White

707 (57.8)

197 (59.7)

130 (57.0)

64 (49.2)

0.001

Non-Hispanic Black

191 (15.7)

34 (10.3)

35 (15.4)

21 (16.2)

0.005

Smoking status, n (%)

Current smoker

244 (20.0)

52 (15.8)

32 (14.0)

19 (14.6)

0.021

Occasionally

30 (2.5)

8 (2.4)

7 (3.1)

5 (3.8)

Never smoker

949 (77.5)

270 (81.8)

189 (82.9)

106 (81.6)

Insulin (µU/mL)

9.2 ± 6.8^c

12.0 ± 7.7^c

14.9 ± 10.3^b

20.1 ± 17.4^a

< 0.0001

HOMA-IR

2.1 ± 1.6^c

3.1 ± 2.0^c

4.3 ± 3.1^b

8.0 ± 7.1^a

< 0.0001

CRP (mg/dL)

0.4 ± 0.7

0.5 ± 1.1

0.6 ± 1.2

0.6 ± 1.4

**Table 2.** Characteristics of All Participants in Women
Women	NGT (n = 1,448)	Low IFG (n = 296)	High IFG (n = 139)	T2DM (n = 94)	P-value
Data are mean with standard deviation or n with percentage in brackets. Groups marked with different letters (a, b, c, d) are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05). Groups marked with the same letters are not significantly different from each other. WC: waist circumference; FBG: fasting blood glucose; PA: physical activity; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; CRP: C-reactive protein.
Age (years)	62.8 ± 12.1^b	65.6 ± 12.1^a	67.0 ± 11.8^a	66.6 ± 10.3^a	< 0.0001
Height (cm)	159.8 ± 7.0	159.7 ± 6.5	158.3 ± 7.6	159.2 ± 7.5	NS
Weight (kg)	72.4 ± 16.7^c	76.5 ± 17.7^b	77.5 ± 18.0^a,b	78.4 ± 18.0^a	< 0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m²)	28.3 ± 6.0^c	29.9 ± 6.3^b	30.8 ± 6.3^a	30.8 ± 5.6^a	< 0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)	94.1 ± 13.6^c	98.9 ± 13.5^b	101.7 ± 13.2^a	103.1 ± 12.5^a	< 0.0001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.0 ± 0.4^d	5.80 ± 0.1^c	6.44 ± 0.3^b	9.4 ± 2.7^a	< 0.0001
HbA1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.3^d	5.6 ± 0.4^c	5.9 ± 0.5^b	7.4 ± 2.0^a	< 0.0001
Alcohol (g/day)	3.6 ± 12.1	3.9 ± 13.2	3.8 ± 15.1	5.1 ± 18.9	NS
Physical activity (PA) (h/day)
Low intensity PA (h/day)	2.8 ± 1.6^b	3.0 ± 1.6^b	3.0 ± 1.6^b	2.9 ± 1.6^a	< 0.0001
Moderate intensity PA (h/day)	0.5 ± 0.9^a	0.4 ± 0.8^a	0.4 ± 1.0^a	0.6 ± 1.3^b	< 0.01
Vigorous intensity PA (h/day)	0.08 ± 0.27^a	0.1 ± 0.3^b	0.03 ± 0.14^b,c	0.02 ± 0.07^c	< 0.05
Ethnicity, n (%)
Hispanic and other	398 (27.5)	77 (26.0)	51 (36.7)	31 (33.0)	< 0.0001
Non-Hispanic White	827 (57.1)	171 (57.8)	64 (46.0)	37 (39.3)	< 0.0001
Non-Hispanic Black	223 (15.4)	48 (16.2)	24 (17.3)	26 (27.7)	0.001
Smoking status, n (%)
Current smoker	186 (12.9)	52 (15.8)	32 (14.0)	19 (14.6)	NS
Occasionally	27 (1.9)	8 (2.4)	7 (3.1)	5 (3.8)	NS
Never smoker	1235 (85.2)	270 (81.8)	189 (82.9)	106 (81.6)	NS
Insulin (µU/mL)	9.2 ± 6.8^c	13.9 ± 8.8^b	16.0 ± 9.0^b	21.9 ± 17.0^a	< 0.0001
HOMA-IR	2.1 ± 1.6^c	3.6 ± 2.3^b	4.6 ± 2.6^b	9.2 ± 7.8^a	< 0.0001
CRP (mg/dL)	0.4 ± 0.7^b	0.6 ± 0.8^b	0.7 ± 0.9^a,b	0.8 ± 0.9^a,b	< 0.01

Table 2. Characteristics of All Participants in Women

Women

NGT (n = 1,448)

Low IFG (n = 296)

High IFG (n = 139)

T2DM (n = 94)

P-value

Age (years)

62.8 ± 12.1^b

65.6 ± 12.1^a

67.0 ± 11.8^a

66.6 ± 10.3^a

< 0.0001

Height (cm)

159.8 ± 7.0

159.7 ± 6.5

158.3 ± 7.6

159.2 ± 7.5

Weight (kg)

72.4 ± 16.7^c

76.5 ± 17.7^b

77.5 ± 18.0^a,b

78.4 ± 18.0^a

< 0.0001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

28.3 ± 6.0^c

29.9 ± 6.3^b

30.8 ± 6.3^a

30.8 ± 5.6^a

< 0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

94.1 ± 13.6^c

98.9 ± 13.5^b

101.7 ± 13.2^a

103.1 ± 12.5^a

< 0.0001

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

5.0 ± 0.4^d

5.80 ± 0.1^c

6.44 ± 0.3^b

9.4 ± 2.7^a

< 0.0001

HbA1c (%)

5.4 ± 0.3^d

5.6 ± 0.4^c

5.9 ± 0.5^b

7.4 ± 2.0^a

< 0.0001

Alcohol (g/day)

3.6 ± 12.1

3.9 ± 13.2

3.8 ± 15.1

5.1 ± 18.9

Physical activity (PA) (h/day)

Low intensity PA (h/day)

2.8 ± 1.6^b

3.0 ± 1.6^b

2.9 ± 1.6^a

< 0.0001

Moderate intensity PA (h/day)

0.5 ± 0.9^a

0.4 ± 0.8^a

0.4 ± 1.0^a

0.6 ± 1.3^b

< 0.01

Vigorous intensity PA (h/day)

0.08 ± 0.27^a

0.1 ± 0.3^b

0.03 ± 0.14^b,c

0.02 ± 0.07^c

< 0.05

Ethnicity, n (%)

Hispanic and other

398 (27.5)

77 (26.0)

51 (36.7)

31 (33.0)

< 0.0001

Non-Hispanic White

827 (57.1)

171 (57.8)

64 (46.0)

37 (39.3)

< 0.0001

Non-Hispanic Black

223 (15.4)

48 (16.2)

24 (17.3)

26 (27.7)

0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

Current smoker

186 (12.9)

52 (15.8)

32 (14.0)

19 (14.6)

Occasionally

27 (1.9)

8 (2.4)

7 (3.1)

5 (3.8)

Never smoker

1235 (85.2)

270 (81.8)

189 (82.9)

106 (81.6)

Insulin (µU/mL)

9.2 ± 6.8^c

13.9 ± 8.8^b

16.0 ± 9.0^b

21.9 ± 17.0^a

< 0.0001

HOMA-IR

2.1 ± 1.6^c

3.6 ± 2.3^b

4.6 ± 2.6^b

9.2 ± 7.8^a

< 0.0001

CRP (mg/dL)

0.4 ± 0.7^b

0.6 ± 0.8^b

0.7 ± 0.9^a,b

0.8 ± 0.9^a,b

< 0.01

**Table 3.** Fat Mass and Lean Mass Distribution for Each Group, Non-Adjusted for Covariates
	NGT	Low IFG	High IFG	T2DM
Data are mean with standard deviation, non-adjusted for covariates. Groups marked with different letters (a, b, c) are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05). Groups marked with the same letters are not significantly different from each other. LM: lean mass; FM: fat mass.
Men
Appendicular LM (kg)	24.6 ± 4.4^a	24.4 ± 4.4^a	24.4 ± 5.1^a	24.6 ± 5.0^a
Appendicular FM (kg)	10.3 ± 3.5^b	10.6 ± 3.6^a,b	11.3 ± 4.0^a	11.3 ± 3.9^a
Trunk LM (kg)	27.9 ± 4.4^b	28.3 ± 4.3^a,b	28.7 ± 5.1^a,b	29.2 ± 4.9^a
Trunk FM (kg)	13.3 ± 5.1^b	14.1 ± 5.2^b	15.7 ± 6.0^a	16.1 ± 5.5^a
Total LM (kg)	55.9 ± 8.8^a	56.1 ± 8.8^a	56.6 ± 10.3^a	57.3 ± 9.8^a
Total FM (kg)	24.8 ± 8.4^b	25.9 ± 8.6^b	28.2 ± 9.9^a	28.6 ± 9.1^a
Trunk/appendicular FM	1.3 ± 0.3^b	1.3 ± 0.2^b	1.4 ± 0.3^a	1.4 ± 0.3^a
Appendicular LM/FM	2.6 ± 0.7^a	2.5 ± 0.6^a,b	2.3 ± 0.6^b	2.3 ± 0.6^b
Trunk LM/FM	2.4 ± 0.9^a	2.2 ± 0.7^b	2.0 ± 0.8^b	2.0 ± 0.6^c
Total LM/FM	2.4 ± 0.7^a	2.3 ± 0.6^a,b	2.2 ± 0.6^b	2.1 ± 0.5^b
Women
Appendicular LM (kg)	16.6 ± 3.6^b	17.0 ± 3.7^a	17.22 ± 3.9^a	17.6 ± 4.4^a
Appendicular FM (kg)	14.9 ± 5.4^b	16.0 ± 5.6^a	16.20 ± 5.8^a	15.7 ± 6.2^a,b
Trunk LM (kg)	20.3 ± 3.3^b	21.1 ± 3.5^a	21.20 ± 3.6^a	21.8 ± 3.6^a
Trunk FM (kg)	14.7 ± 5.7^b	16.5 ± 5.9^a	17.13 ± 5.6^a	17.3 ± 5.6^a
Total LM (kg)	39.7 ± 6.8^b	41.0 ± 7.3^a	41.29 ± 7.6^a	42.4 ± 8.0^a
Total FM (kg)	30.7 ± 10.6^b	33.6 ± 11.1^a	34.78 ± 11.0^a	34.1 ± 11.2^a
Trunk/appendicular FM	1.0 ± 0.2^c	1.0 ± 0.2^b	1.09 ± 0.2^a,b	1.1 ± 0.3^a
Appendicular LM/FM	1.2 ± 0.3^a	1.1 ± 0.3^b	1.14 ± 0.3^a,b	1.2± 0.3^a
Trunk LM/FM	1.5 ± 0.6^a	1.4 ± 0.4^b	1.33 ± 0.4^b	1.3 ± 0.3^b
Total LM/FM	1.4 ± 0.4^a	1.3 ± 0.3^b	1.27 ± 0.3^b	1.3 ± 0.3^a,b

Table 3. Fat Mass and Lean Mass Distribution for Each Group, Non-Adjusted for Covariates

NGT

Low IFG

High IFG

T2DM

Data are mean with standard deviation, non-adjusted for covariates. Groups marked with different letters (a, b, c) are significantly different from each other by a Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison (P < 0.05). Groups marked with the same letters are not significantly different from each other. LM: lean mass; FM: fat mass.

Men

Appendicular LM (kg)

24.6 ± 4.4^a

24.4 ± 4.4^a

24.4 ± 5.1^a

24.6 ± 5.0^a

Appendicular FM (kg)

10.3 ± 3.5^b

10.6 ± 3.6^a,b

11.3 ± 4.0^a

11.3 ± 3.9^a

Trunk LM (kg)

27.9 ± 4.4^b

28.3 ± 4.3^a,b

28.7 ± 5.1^a,b

29.2 ± 4.9^a

Trunk FM (kg)

13.3 ± 5.1^b

14.1 ± 5.2^b

15.7 ± 6.0^a

16.1 ± 5.5^a

Total LM (kg)

55.9 ± 8.8^a

56.1 ± 8.8^a

56.6 ± 10.3^a

57.3 ± 9.8^a

Total FM (kg)

24.8 ± 8.4^b

25.9 ± 8.6^b

28.2 ± 9.9^a

28.6 ± 9.1^a

Trunk/appendicular FM

1.3 ± 0.3^b

1.3 ± 0.2^b

1.4 ± 0.3^a

Appendicular LM/FM

2.6 ± 0.7^a

2.5 ± 0.6^a,b

2.3 ± 0.6^b

Trunk LM/FM

2.4 ± 0.9^a

2.2 ± 0.7^b

2.0 ± 0.8^b

2.0 ± 0.6^c

Total LM/FM

2.4 ± 0.7^a

2.3 ± 0.6^a,b

2.2 ± 0.6^b

2.1 ± 0.5^b

Women

Appendicular LM (kg)

16.6 ± 3.6^b

17.0 ± 3.7^a

17.22 ± 3.9^a

17.6 ± 4.4^a

Appendicular FM (kg)

14.9 ± 5.4^b

16.0 ± 5.6^a

16.20 ± 5.8^a

15.7 ± 6.2^a,b

Trunk LM (kg)

20.3 ± 3.3^b

21.1 ± 3.5^a

21.20 ± 3.6^a

21.8 ± 3.6^a

Trunk FM (kg)

14.7 ± 5.7^b

16.5 ± 5.9^a

17.13 ± 5.6^a

17.3 ± 5.6^a

Total LM (kg)

39.7 ± 6.8^b

41.0 ± 7.3^a

41.29 ± 7.6^a

42.4 ± 8.0^a

Total FM (kg)

30.7 ± 10.6^b

33.6 ± 11.1^a

34.78 ± 11.0^a

34.1 ± 11.2^a

Trunk/appendicular FM

1.0 ± 0.2^c

1.0 ± 0.2^b

1.09 ± 0.2^a,b

1.1 ± 0.3^a

Appendicular LM/FM

1.2 ± 0.3^a

1.1 ± 0.3^b

1.14 ± 0.3^a,b

1.2± 0.3^a

Trunk LM/FM

1.5 ± 0.6^a

1.4 ± 0.4^b

1.33 ± 0.4^b

1.3 ± 0.3^b

Total LM/FM

1.4 ± 0.4^a

1.3 ± 0.3^b

1.27 ± 0.3^b

1.3 ± 0.3^a,b