J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 8, August 2017, pages 687-694

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among the End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis

**Table 1.** Baseline Characteristics of the Whole Cohort
Baseline characteristics (N = 241)
Mean age (years)	48.8 ± 16
Male (%)	48.3
Married (%)	70.5
High school degree or less (%)	40
Mean dry weight (kg)	62.9 ± 17.6
Mean BMI (kg/m²)	25.6 ± 8.7
Mean waist circumference (cm)	92.0 ± 23.5
Mean SBP (mm Hg)	136.4 ± 25.1
Mean DBP (mm Hg)	76.1 ± 14.8
Mean pulse rate (bpm)	81.7 ± 12
Diabetes (%)	26.9
Hypertension (%)	67.8
Hyperlipidemia (%)	21
History of myocardial infarction (%)	8.7
Heart failure (%)	5.0
History of blood transfusion (%)	64
Medications
Beta-blocker (%)	16.4
ACEi/ARB (%)	13.4
Calcium channel blocker (%)	47.5
Hydralazine (%)	6.3
Cholecalciferol (%)	7.6
Cinacalcet (%)	31.9
Calcium carbonate (%)	76.5
Sevelamer (%)	52.9
Active vitamin D (%)	58.0
Statin (%)	19.1
Dialysis data
Mean duration of dialysis (months)	69.3 ± 65.6
Permacath as an access for HD (%)	21.5
Temporary HD access (%)	5.4
AVF as an access for HD (%)	73.1
≥ 2 AVF placed for HD (%)	28.7
Mean duration of AVF (years)	1.8 ± 1.4
≥ 2 missed dialysis session in the previous 3 months (%)	50
≥ 2 urgent dialysis in the previous 6 months (%)	66.7
History of line infection (%)	35.8
PTH at goal (%)	22.5
Laboratory data
Mean total cholesterol (mg/dL)	145.3 ± 40.8
Mean LDL (mg/dL)	89.7 ± 7
Mean HDL (mg/dL)	38.2 ± 13.6
Mean triglyceride (mg/dL)	145.4 ± 105.2
Mean total Ca (mg/dL)	8.7 ± 1.2
Mean phosphate (mg/dL)	6.3 ± 7.2
Mean PTH (pmol/L)	57.3 ± 76.5
Mean pre-HD creatinine(mg/dL)	14.9 ± 25.3
Mean post-HD creatinine(mg/dL)	5.7 ± 7.5
Mean post-HD urea (mg/dL)	37.2 ± 23.6
Vitamin D 25-OH (ng/mL)	18.5 ± 8.9
Lifestyle habits
Sedentary lifestyle (%)	42.3
Optimal sleep 6 - 8 h per night (%)	43.3
Active smoking (%)	14.9
Passive smoking (%)	43.6

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Whole Cohort

Baseline characteristics (N = 241)

Mean age (years)

48.8 ± 16

Male (%)

48.3

Married (%)

70.5

High school degree or less (%)

Mean dry weight (kg)

62.9 ± 17.6

Mean BMI (kg/m²)

25.6 ± 8.7

Mean waist circumference (cm)

92.0 ± 23.5

Mean SBP (mm Hg)

136.4 ± 25.1

Mean DBP (mm Hg)

76.1 ± 14.8

Mean pulse rate (bpm)

81.7 ± 12

Diabetes (%)

26.9

Hypertension (%)

67.8

Hyperlipidemia (%)

History of myocardial infarction (%)

8.7

Heart failure (%)

5.0

History of blood transfusion (%)

Medications

Beta-blocker (%)

16.4

ACEi/ARB (%)

13.4

Calcium channel blocker (%)

47.5

Hydralazine (%)

6.3

Cholecalciferol (%)

7.6

Cinacalcet (%)

31.9

Calcium carbonate (%)

76.5

Sevelamer (%)

52.9

Active vitamin D (%)

58.0

Statin (%)

19.1

Dialysis data

Mean duration of dialysis (months)

69.3 ± 65.6

Permacath as an access for HD (%)

21.5

Temporary HD access (%)

5.4

AVF as an access for HD (%)

73.1

≥ 2 AVF placed for HD (%)

28.7

Mean duration of AVF (years)

1.8 ± 1.4

≥ 2 missed dialysis session in the previous 3 months (%)

≥ 2 urgent dialysis in the previous 6 months (%)

66.7

History of line infection (%)

35.8

PTH at goal (%)

22.5

Laboratory data

Mean total cholesterol (mg/dL)

145.3 ± 40.8

Mean LDL (mg/dL)

89.7 ± 7

Mean HDL (mg/dL)

38.2 ± 13.6

Mean triglyceride (mg/dL)

145.4 ± 105.2

Mean total Ca (mg/dL)

8.7 ± 1.2

Mean phosphate (mg/dL)

6.3 ± 7.2

Mean PTH (pmol/L)

57.3 ± 76.5

Mean pre-HD creatinine(mg/dL)

14.9 ± 25.3

Mean post-HD creatinine(mg/dL)

5.7 ± 7.5

Mean post-HD urea (mg/dL)

37.2 ± 23.6

Vitamin D 25-OH (ng/mL)

18.5 ± 8.9

Lifestyle habits

Sedentary lifestyle (%)

42.3

Optimal sleep 6 - 8 h per night (%)

43.3

Active smoking (%)

14.9

Passive smoking (%)

43.6

**Table 2.** Comparison of the Whole Group Based on the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Diagnosis
	MetS	No MetS	P value
Total number of the participants (%)	38.2	61.8	n/a
Mean age (years)	53.8 ± 14.1	45.7 ± 16.4	< 0.001
Male (%)	39.1	54	0.025
Married (%)	80.4	64.4	0.026
High school degree or less (%)	34.8	43.2	0.397
Mean dry weight (kg)	72 ± 17.4	57.3 ± 15.3	< 0.001
Mean BMI (kg/m²)	28.2 ± 7.4	23.9 ± 9.1	< 0.001
Mean waist circumference (cm)	107.1 ± 17.5	81.5 ± 21.4	< 0.001
Mean SBP (mm Hg)	139.3 ± 24.3	134.5 ± 25.6	0.159
Mean DBP (mm Hg)	76.6 ± 14.8	75.9 ± 14.9	0.731
Mean pulse rate (bpm)	81.8 ± 12.1	81.7 ± 12	0.958
Diabetes (%)	39.1	19.3	0.001
Hypertension (%)	82.6	58.7	< 0.001
Hyperlipidemia (%)	26.1	17.8	0.127
History of myocardial infarction (%)	10.9	7.4	0.351
Heart failure (%)	6.5	4.0	0.387
History of blood transfusion (%)	57.3	68.0	0.096
Medications
Beta-blocker (%)	21.7	13.0	0.077
ACEi/ARB (%)	18.5	10.3	0.071
Calcium channel blocker (%)	58.7	40.4	0.006
Hydralazine (%)	6.5	6.2	0.912
Cholecalciferol (%)	6.5	8.2	0.630
Cinacalcet (%)	33.7	30.8	0.643
Calcium carbonate (%)	77.2	76.0	0.839
Sevelamer (%)	64.1	45.9	0.006
Active vitamin D (%)	59.8	56.9	0.655
Statin (%)	23.1	16.6	0.214
Dialysis data
Mean duration of dialysis (months)	59.3 ± 49.4	75.5 ± 73.4	0.043
Permacath as an access for HD (%)	19.6	22.7	0.729
Temporary HD access (%)	6.5	4.7
AVF as an access for HD (%)	73.9	72.6
> 2 AVF placed for HD (%)	30.9	27.4	0.383
Mean duration of AVF (years)	2.1 ± 1.7	1.7 ± 1.0	0.026
> 2 missed dialysis session in the previous 3 months (%)	26.7	62.7	0.056
> 2 urgent dialysis in the previous 6 months (%)	59.4	72.1	0.332
History of line infection (%)	41.3	32.4	0.163
PTH at goal (%)	18.9	24.8	0.046
Laboratory data
Mean total cholesterol (mg/dL)	143.1 ± 41.4	147.1 ± 40.4	0.535
Mean LDL (mg/dL)	91.9 ± 32.8	87.9 ± 27.6	0.401
Mean HDL (mg/dL)	37.4 ± 11.1	38.9 ± 15.3	0.511
Mean triglyceride (mg/dL)	151.9 ± 100.6	140.2 ± 109.1	0.485
Mean total Ca (mg/dL)	8.8 ± 0.9	8.7 ± 1.3	0.468
Mean phosphate (mg/dL)	7.0 ± 9.7	5.9 ± 5.1	0.247
Mean pre-HD creatinine (mg/dL)	13.4 ± 17.2	16.0 ± 29.4	0.447
Mean post-HD creatinine (mg/dL)	6.3 ± 7.8	5.3 ± 7.3	0.467
Mean post-HD urea (mg/dL)	42.3 ± 23.8	34.1 ± 22.9	0.010
Vitamin D 25-OH (ng/mL)	18.4 ± 8.6	18.5 ± 9.2	0.912
Lifestyle habits
Sedentary lifestyle (%)	44.0	41.2	0.035
Exercise > 300 min/week (%)	3.3	14.2
Optimal sleep 6 - 8 h per night (%)	45.7	41.9	0.838
Active smoking (%)	13.0	16.1	0.517
Passive smoking (%)	42.5	44.3	0.799

Table 2. Comparison of the Whole Group Based on the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Diagnosis

MetS

No MetS

P value

Total number of the participants (%)

38.2

61.8

n/a

Mean age (years)

53.8 ± 14.1

45.7 ± 16.4

< 0.001

Male (%)

39.1

0.025

Married (%)

80.4

64.4

0.026

High school degree or less (%)

34.8

43.2

0.397

Mean dry weight (kg)

72 ± 17.4

57.3 ± 15.3

< 0.001

Mean BMI (kg/m²)

28.2 ± 7.4

23.9 ± 9.1

< 0.001

Mean waist circumference (cm)

107.1 ± 17.5

81.5 ± 21.4

< 0.001

Mean SBP (mm Hg)

139.3 ± 24.3

134.5 ± 25.6

0.159

Mean DBP (mm Hg)

76.6 ± 14.8

75.9 ± 14.9

0.731

Mean pulse rate (bpm)

81.8 ± 12.1

81.7 ± 12

0.958

Diabetes (%)

39.1

19.3

0.001

Hypertension (%)

82.6

58.7

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia (%)

26.1

17.8

0.127

History of myocardial infarction (%)

10.9

7.4

0.351

Heart failure (%)

6.5

4.0

0.387

History of blood transfusion (%)

57.3

68.0

0.096

Medications

Beta-blocker (%)

21.7

13.0

0.077

ACEi/ARB (%)

18.5

10.3

0.071

Calcium channel blocker (%)

58.7

40.4

0.006

Hydralazine (%)

6.5

6.2

0.912

Cholecalciferol (%)

6.5

8.2

0.630

Cinacalcet (%)

33.7

30.8

0.643

Calcium carbonate (%)

77.2

76.0

0.839

Sevelamer (%)

64.1

45.9

0.006

Active vitamin D (%)

59.8

56.9

0.655

Statin (%)

23.1

16.6

0.214

Dialysis data

Mean duration of dialysis (months)

59.3 ± 49.4

75.5 ± 73.4

0.043

Permacath as an access for HD (%)

19.6

22.7

0.729

Temporary HD access (%)

6.5

4.7

AVF as an access for HD (%)

73.9

72.6

> 2 AVF placed for HD (%)

30.9

27.4

0.383

Mean duration of AVF (years)

2.1 ± 1.7

1.7 ± 1.0

0.026

> 2 missed dialysis session in the previous 3 months (%)

26.7

62.7

0.056

> 2 urgent dialysis in the previous 6 months (%)

59.4

72.1

0.332

History of line infection (%)

41.3

32.4

0.163

PTH at goal (%)

18.9

24.8

0.046

Laboratory data

Mean total cholesterol (mg/dL)

143.1 ± 41.4

147.1 ± 40.4

0.535

Mean LDL (mg/dL)

91.9 ± 32.8

87.9 ± 27.6

0.401

Mean HDL (mg/dL)

37.4 ± 11.1

38.9 ± 15.3

0.511

Mean triglyceride (mg/dL)

151.9 ± 100.6

140.2 ± 109.1

0.485

Mean total Ca (mg/dL)

8.8 ± 0.9

8.7 ± 1.3

0.468

Mean phosphate (mg/dL)

7.0 ± 9.7

5.9 ± 5.1

0.247

Mean pre-HD creatinine (mg/dL)

13.4 ± 17.2

16.0 ± 29.4

0.447

Mean post-HD creatinine (mg/dL)

6.3 ± 7.8

5.3 ± 7.3

0.467

Mean post-HD urea (mg/dL)

42.3 ± 23.8

34.1 ± 22.9

0.010

Vitamin D 25-OH (ng/mL)

18.4 ± 8.6

18.5 ± 9.2

0.912

Lifestyle habits

Sedentary lifestyle (%)

44.0

41.2

0.035

Exercise > 300 min/week (%)

3.3

14.2

Optimal sleep 6 - 8 h per night (%)

45.7

41.9

0.838

Active smoking (%)

13.0

16.1

0.517

Passive smoking (%)

42.5

44.3

0.799