J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Review

Volume 9, Number 6, June 2017, pages 461-465

C-Reactive Protein and Frailty in the Elderly: A Literature Review

**Table 1.** Summary of Studies
First author	Year/country	Participants	Age	Relative findings
Soysal [1]	2016/International	23,910	Mean 75.2 ± 6.1 years	↑ CRP and IL-6 was associated with pre-frailty and frailty.
Puzianowska-Kuznicka [2]	2016/Eastern Europe	4,979	≥ 65y	↑ CRP and IL-6 predicted cognitive and physical performance, and mortality.
Zhu [3]	2016/China	1,478	70 - 84 years	↑hs-CRP → elevated risk of frailty.
Liu [4]	2016/China	1,723	70 - 84 years	↑ CRP was not associated with frailty.
Nouvenne [5]	2016/Italy	544	≥ 65 years	Serum hs-CRP values on admission predicted short-term mortality in multimorbid elders.
Wallet [6]	2015/US	21	54 - 69 years	↑ Inflammatory biomarkers were not related with physical performance in HIV+ elders.
Arts [7]	2015/Netherlands	366	≥ 60 years	↑ CRP was associated with physical frailty.
Saum [8]	2015/Germany	2,518		↑ CRP and oxidative stress biomarkers were associated with frailty.
Hwang [9]	2015/Taiwan	1,839	Mean 63.9 ± 9.3 years	↑ hs-CRP was associated with frailty.
Lealdini [10]	2015/Brazil	52	≥ 65 years	CRP and albumin correlate with frailty, clinical stage and functional status in elderly cancer patients.
Aguirre [11]	2014/USA	107	≥ 65 years	↑ hs-CRP was associated with physical frailty in obese elders.
Lai [12]	2014/Taiwan	386	≥ 65 years	↑ hs-CRP was not associated with frailty.
Lin [13]	2014/Taiwan	472	Mean 73.8 years	CRP gene polymorphisms were correlated with ↑ CRP levels and frailty.
Gale [14]	2013/UK	2,146	≥ 60 years	↑ CRP and fibrinogen predicted frailty better in women than in men.
Beleigoli [15]	2013/Brazil	1,470	≥ 60 years	CRP and/or BNP improved modestly or non-significantly all-cause mortality prediction.
Baylis [16]	2012/UK	254	65 - 70 years	↑ CRP was not associated with frailty.
Almeida [17]	2012/Australia	3,778	Mean 77.1 years	↑ CRP was associated with frailty.
Canon [18]	2011/USA	867	> 60 years	↑ CRP → ↓ cognitive functioning in females but not males.
Giovannini [19]	2011/Italy	362	≥ 80 years	↑ CRP and IL-6 → ↑ mortality risk in frail elders.
Wassel [20]	2010/USA	1,353	Mean 73 years	↑ CRP and IL-6 → ↓ lifespan in males. Only ↑ IL-6 → ↓ lifespan in females.
Tiainen [21]	2010/Finland	262	90 years	↑ CRP, IL-6 and IL-1Ra was associated with frailty.
Yoshida [22]	2009/Japan	803	≥ 65 years	↑ CRP was associated with ↓ physical performance.
Wu [23]	2009/Taiwan	90	≥ 65 years	Frail subjects had ↑ hs-CRP than pre-frail and robust subjects.
Reiner [24]	2009/USA	900	65 - 79 years	↑ CRP was not strongly associated with frailty in postmenopausal women.
Hubbard [25]	2009/UK	110	≥ 75 years	↑ CRP, IL-6, TNF-a and ↓ albumin was associated with frailty.
Hubbard [26]	2008/UK	140	Four groups 84.9 years/84.2 years/82.7 years/23.3 years	↑ CRP, IL-6 and TNF-a was associated with frailty.
Jylhe [27]	2007/Finland	285	≥ 90 years	Among CRP, IL-6 and IL-1Ra only IL-1Ra was a significant predictor of mortality.
Puts [28]	2005/Netherlands	1,720	≥ 65 years	↑ CRP and ↓ 25-hydroxyvitamin D was associated with frailty.
Cesari [29]	2004/Italy	1,020	≥ 65 years	↑ CRP, IL-6 and IL-1Ra, were associated with ↓ physical performance ↓ muscle strength.

Table 1. Summary of Studies

First author

Year/country

Participants

Age

Relative findings

Soysal [1]

2016/International

23,910

Mean
75.2 ± 6.1 years

↑ CRP and IL-6 was associated with pre-frailty and frailty.

Puzianowska-Kuznicka [2]

2016/Eastern Europe

4,979

≥ 65y

↑ CRP and IL-6 predicted cognitive and physical performance, and mortality.

Zhu [3]

2016/China

1,478

70 - 84 years

↑hs-CRP → elevated risk of frailty.

Liu [4]

2016/China

1,723

70 - 84 years

↑ CRP was not associated with frailty.

Nouvenne [5]

2016/Italy

544

≥ 65 years

Serum hs-CRP values on admission predicted short-term mortality in multimorbid elders.

Wallet [6]

2015/US

54 - 69 years

↑ Inflammatory biomarkers were not related with physical performance in HIV+ elders.

Arts [7]

2015/Netherlands

366

≥ 60 years

↑ CRP was associated with physical frailty.

Saum [8]

2015/Germany

2,518

↑ CRP and oxidative stress biomarkers were associated with frailty.

Hwang [9]

2015/Taiwan

1,839

Mean 63.9 ± 9.3 years

↑ hs-CRP was associated with frailty.

Lealdini [10]

2015/Brazil

≥ 65 years

CRP and albumin correlate with frailty, clinical stage and functional status in elderly cancer patients.

Aguirre [11]

2014/USA

107

≥ 65 years

↑ hs-CRP was associated with physical frailty in obese elders.

Lai [12]

2014/Taiwan

386

≥ 65 years

↑ hs-CRP was not associated with frailty.

Lin [13]

2014/Taiwan

472

Mean 73.8 years

CRP gene polymorphisms were correlated with ↑ CRP levels and frailty.

Gale [14]

2013/UK

2,146

≥ 60 years

↑ CRP and fibrinogen predicted frailty better in women than in men.

Beleigoli [15]

2013/Brazil

1,470

≥ 60 years

CRP and/or BNP improved modestly or non-significantly all-cause mortality prediction.

Baylis [16]

2012/UK

254

65 - 70 years

↑ CRP was not associated with frailty.

Almeida [17]

2012/Australia

3,778

Mean 77.1 years

↑ CRP was associated with frailty.

Canon [18]

2011/USA

867

> 60 years

↑ CRP → ↓ cognitive functioning in females but not males.

Giovannini [19]

2011/Italy

362

≥ 80 years

↑ CRP and IL-6 → ↑ mortality risk in frail elders.

Wassel [20]

2010/USA

1,353

Mean 73 years

↑ CRP and IL-6 → ↓ lifespan in males. Only ↑ IL-6 → ↓ lifespan in females.

Tiainen [21]

2010/Finland

262

90 years

↑ CRP, IL-6 and IL-1Ra was associated with frailty.

Yoshida [22]

2009/Japan

803

≥ 65 years

↑ CRP was associated with ↓ physical performance.

Wu [23]

2009/Taiwan

≥ 65 years

Frail subjects had ↑ hs-CRP than pre-frail and robust subjects.

Reiner [24]

2009/USA

900

65 - 79 years

↑ CRP was not strongly associated with frailty in postmenopausal women.

Hubbard [25]

2009/UK

110

≥ 75 years

↑ CRP, IL-6, TNF-a and ↓ albumin was associated with frailty.

Hubbard [26]

2008/UK

140

Four groups
84.9 years/84.2 years/82.7 years/23.3 years

↑ CRP, IL-6 and TNF-a was associated with frailty.

Jylhe [27]

2007/Finland

285

≥ 90 years

Among CRP, IL-6 and IL-1Ra only IL-1Ra was a significant predictor of mortality.

Puts [28]

2005/Netherlands

1,720

≥ 65 years

↑ CRP and ↓ 25-hydroxyvitamin D was associated with frailty.

Cesari [29]

2004/Italy

1,020

≥ 65 years

↑ CRP, IL-6 and IL-1Ra, were associated with ↓ physical performance ↓ muscle strength.