J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 9, Number 4, April 2017, pages 332-338

Association of Whole Blood Viscosity With Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Independent Association With Post-Breakfast Triglyceridemia

Figure 1. Whole blood viscosity and hematocrit in patients with type 2 diabetes as a function of the number of components of metabolic syndrome (mean ± SE). The number of patients with component number from 1 through to 5 is 33 (19.6%), 58 (34.5%), 42 (25.0%), 27 (16.1%) and 8 (4.8%), respectively. Associations of the number of MS components with WBV and hematocrit and P values for trend were derived using Jonckheere-Terpstra test.

Figure 2. Whole blood viscosity and hematocrit in type 2 diabetes patients in the absence (white columns, n = 91) and presence (black columns, n = 77) of metabolic syndrome (mean ± SE).

**Table 1.** Anthropometric, Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of 168 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Correlation Coefficients of Whole Blood Viscosity Before (Simple) and After (Partial) Adjustment for Sex
Variables	Mean ± SE or n, %	WBV
WBV: whole blood viscosity; PG: plasma glucose; TG: triglycerides; ACR: albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; BP: blood pressure. P < 0.05, *P < 0.01.
Male (n, %)	90 (53.6)	-0.447**	Adjusted
Age (years)	62.3 ± 0.8	-0.101	-0.002
BMI (kg/m²)	24.2 ± 0.3	0.106	0.238**
Waist circumference (cm)	86.9 ± 0.8	0.078	0.184**
Duration of diabetes (years)	9.9 ± 0.6	0.018	0.031
Smokers (n, %)	58 (34.3)	0.225**	-0.017
Whole blood viscosity (cP)	5.95 ± 0.04	1.000	1.000
Fasting PG (mg/dL)	125 ± 2	0.011	-0.001
Post-breakfast PG (mg/dL)	154 ± 4	0.025	-0.077
HbA1c (%)	7.0 ± 0.5	0.046	0.055
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	188 ± 2	-0.011	0.147
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	56 ± 1	-0.189*	-0.123
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	111 ± 2	-0.007	0.080
Fasting TG (mg/dL)	115 ± 4	0.199*	0.225**
Post-breakfast TG (mg/dL)	145 ± 5	0.230**	0.222**
ACR (mg/g)	84 ± 25	-0.031	0.018
Log ACR	1.30 ± 0.05	0.021	0.085
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	75.8 ± 1.3	0.064	-0.019
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.2 ± 0.1	0.21**	0.084
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	128 ± 1	-0.004	0.051
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	72 ± 1	0.32**	0.249**
Serum protein (g/dL)	7.2 ± 0.03	0.213**	0.221**
AST (U/L)	24.4 ± 1	0.188*	0.067
ALT (U/L)	24 ± 1	0.256**	0.129
GGT (U/L)	46 ± 4	0.167*	0.051
White blood cells (× 10³/µL)	5.8 ± 0.1	0.169*	0.145
Red blood cell (× 10⁶/µL)	451 ± 4	0.775**	0.691**
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.0 ± 0.1	0.764**	0.864**
Hematocrit (%)	42.3 ± 0.3	0.994**	0.993**

Table 1. Anthropometric, Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of 168 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Correlation Coefficients of Whole Blood Viscosity Before (Simple) and After (Partial) Adjustment for Sex

Variables

Mean ± SE or n, %

WBV

Simple

Partial

WBV: whole blood viscosity; PG: plasma glucose; TG: triglycerides; ACR: albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; BP: blood pressure. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Male (n, %)

90 (53.6)

-0.447**

Adjusted

Age (years)

62.3 ± 0.8

-0.101

-0.002

BMI (kg/m²)

24.2 ± 0.3

0.106

0.238**

Waist circumference (cm)

86.9 ± 0.8

0.078

0.184**

Duration of diabetes (years)

9.9 ± 0.6

0.018

0.031

Smokers (n, %)

58 (34.3)

0.225**

-0.017

Whole blood viscosity (cP)

5.95 ± 0.04

1.000

Fasting PG (mg/dL)

125 ± 2

0.011

-0.001

Post-breakfast PG (mg/dL)

154 ± 4

0.025

-0.077

HbA1c (%)

7.0 ± 0.5

0.046

0.055

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

188 ± 2

-0.011

0.147

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

56 ± 1

-0.189*

-0.123

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

111 ± 2

-0.007

0.080

Fasting TG (mg/dL)

115 ± 4

0.199*

0.225**

Post-breakfast TG (mg/dL)

145 ± 5

0.230**

0.222**

ACR (mg/g)

84 ± 25

-0.031

0.018

Log ACR

1.30 ± 0.05

0.021

0.085

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

75.8 ± 1.3

0.064

-0.019

Uric acid (mg/dL)

5.2 ± 0.1

0.21**

0.084

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

128 ± 1

-0.004

0.051

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

72 ± 1

0.32**

0.249**

Serum protein (g/dL)

7.2 ± 0.03

0.213**

0.221**

AST (U/L)

24.4 ± 1

0.188*

0.067

ALT (U/L)

24 ± 1

0.256**

0.129

GGT (U/L)

46 ± 4

0.167*

0.051

White blood cells (× 10³/µL)

5.8 ± 0.1

0.169*

0.145

Red blood cell (× 10⁶/µL)

451 ± 4

0.775**

0.691**

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

14.0 ± 0.1

0.764**

0.864**

Hematocrit (%)

42.3 ± 0.3

0.994**

0.993**

**Table 2.** Multiple Regression Analysis for Whole Blood Viscosity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
	Standardized β	P values	Cumulative R²
Other independent variables included in the model were BMI, waist circumference and fasting triglycerides, all of which showed significant associations with whole blood viscosity after controlling for sex shown in Table 1.
Male sex	0.406	0.000	0.183
Diastolic blood pressure	0.234	0.001	0.240
Post-breakfast triglyceride	0.148	0.036	0.258

Table 2. Multiple Regression Analysis for Whole Blood Viscosity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Standardized β

P values

Cumulative R²

Other independent variables included in the model were BMI, waist circumference and fasting triglycerides, all of which showed significant associations with whole blood viscosity after controlling for sex shown in Table 1.

Male sex

0.406

0.000

0.183

Diastolic blood pressure

0.234

0.001

0.240

Post-breakfast triglyceride

0.148

0.036

0.258