J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Review

Volume 6, Number 6, December 2014, pages 399-408

Skeletal Malocclusion: A Developmental Disorder With a Life-Long Morbidity

Figure 1. (A) Cephalometric radiograph of a 13-year-old male. (B) Cephalometric tracing of skeletal landmarks used for geometric constructions. (C) The anterior cranial base (S-N plane) and the angle between SNA and SNB planes that indicate the maxillary and mandibular positions, respectively. (D) The mandibular and maxillary landmarks and planes used to measure the length. Co-Pg is the linear mandibular length from condylion to pogonion. Co-Go is the ramus length from the condylion to the gonion. Go-Pg is the mandibular corpus length from the gonion to the pogonion.

**Table 1.** Prevalence of Class I, II and III Malocclusion in Different Ethnic Groups
Author, year	Ethnicities	Sample size	Class I (a + b)** (%)	Class II (a + b)*** (%)	Class III (%)
Class I (a + b) = class I neutrocclusion + class I malocclusion. *Class II (a + b) = class II Div I + class II Div II.
Angle, 1907	Caucasians [17]	1,000	69	19 + 4	3.40
Altemus, 1959	Black American [18]	3,280	83	12	5
Cohen, 1970	Blacks/Whites [19]	410/349	71/53.6	11.4/33.6	6.3/4.7
Garner, 1985	Black American [16]	447	27 + 44	16	8.70
Garner, 1985	Kenyan [16]	471	16.8 + 51.7	7.90 + 0	16.80
Phaphe, 2012	Urban Indian [20]	1,000	18	30.1	1.60
Steigman, 1983	Israeli Arab [21]	803	85	8.5 + 1.7	1.3
Silva, 2001	Latino [22]	507	62.9 + 6.5	21.5	9.1
Lew, 1993	Chinese [23]	1,050	7.1 + 58.8	21.5	12.6
Garbin, 2010	Brazilian [24]	734	55.92	42.86	1.22
Hamdan, 2001	Jordanian [25]	320	62.5	21.5	16
Average			68.7	20.9	7.2

Table 1. Prevalence of Class I, II and III Malocclusion in Different Ethnic Groups

Author, year

Ethnicities

Sample size

Class I (a + b)** (%)

Class II (a + b)*** (%)

Class III (%)

**Class I (a + b) = class I neutrocclusion + class I malocclusion. ***Class II (a + b) = class II Div I + class II Div II.

Angle, 1907

Caucasians [17]

1,000

19 + 4

3.40

Altemus, 1959

Black American [18]

3,280

Cohen, 1970

Blacks/Whites [19]

410/349

71/53.6

11.4/33.6

6.3/4.7

Garner, 1985

Black American [16]

447

27 + 44

8.70

Garner, 1985

Kenyan [16]

471

16.8 + 51.7

7.90 + 0

16.80

Phaphe, 2012

Urban Indian [20]

1,000

30.1

1.60

Steigman, 1983

Israeli Arab [21]

803

8.5 + 1.7

1.3

Silva, 2001

Latino [22]

507

62.9 + 6.5

21.5

9.1

Lew, 1993

Chinese [23]

1,050

7.1 + 58.8

21.5

12.6

Garbin, 2010

Brazilian [24]

734

55.92

42.86

1.22

Hamdan, 2001

Jordanian [25]

320

62.5

21.5

Average

68.7

20.9

7.2

**Table 2.** Percentages of Class I, Class II and Class III Cases With Skeletal Malocclusion Patients Across Sex and Race
	Class I (n = 11)	Class II (n = 79)	Class III (n = 81)
Sex
Male	5.80%	36.20%	58%
Female	6.90%	52.90%	40.20%
Race
Caucasian	6.30%	48.10%	45.60%
Black	10%	20%	70%

Table 2. Percentages of Class I, Class II and Class III Cases With Skeletal Malocclusion Patients Across Sex and Race

Class I (n = 11)

Class II (n = 79)

Class III (n = 81)

Sex

Male

5.80%

36.20%

58%

Female

6.90%

52.90%

40.20%

Race

Caucasian

6.30%

48.10%

45.60%

Black

10%

20%

70%

**Table 3.** The Frequencies of Various Occlusion/Malocclusion Categories in US Population Under Different Levels of TPI Scales
TPI scale	Category	Frequency (%)
0	Normal occlusion	24.4
1 - 3	Minor manifestations and treatment need is slight	39.0
4 - 6	Definite malocclusion but treatment elective	8.7
7 - 9	Severe handicap, treatment highly desirable	22.4
10	Very severe handicap with treatment mandatory	5.5

Table 3. The Frequencies of Various Occlusion/Malocclusion Categories in US Population Under Different Levels of TPI Scales

TPI scale

Medical conditions (variable)	Chi-square value	P value
**Statistical significance.
Sleep apnea	0.7728	0.379
GI disorders	12.7649	0.000**
Lymphoma	2.6326	0.105
General dental problems	0.0169	0.896
Loose broken or missing filling	2.2985	0.129
Bruxism	0.2680	0.605
Cleft lip and palate	0.8272	0.363
Hypertension	26.8761	0.000**
Headache	311.1025	0.000**
Vision problems	2.9614	0.085
Functional pain/discomfort of oral cavity	318.2418	0.000**
Active tuberculosis	91.6427	0.000**