J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 2, April 2014, pages 111-119

Impact of Neuropathic Pain at the Population Level

Figure 1. Sites in the body affected by pain in the population sample of a registered health unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

**Table 1.** Sociodemographic Characterization of the Sample Population of a Registered Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Variables		n	%
Sex	Female	165	86.4
Male	26	13.6
Age	20-30	23	12.0
31-60	144	75.4
61-90	24	12.6
Marital status	Single	93	48.7
Married	71	37.2
Others	27	14.1
Skin color	Nonwhite	178	93.2
White	13	6.8
Smoking	No	115	60.5
Yes	29	15.3
Ex-smoker	46	24.2
Consumption of alcoholic beverages	Non-consumer	114	59.7
Moderate	72	37.7
Excessive	5	2.6

Table 1. Sociodemographic Characterization of the Sample Population of a Registered Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Variables

Sex

Female

165

86.4

Male

13.6

Age

20-30

12.0

31-60

144

75.4

61-90

12.6

Marital status

Single

48.7

Married

37.2

Others

14.1

Skin color

Nonwhite

178

93.2

White

6.8

Smoking

115

60.5

Yes

15.3

Ex-smoker

24.2

Consumption of alcoholic beverages

Non-consumer

114

59.7

Moderate

37.7

Excessive

2.6

**Table 2.** Impact of Pain on the QoL of the Population Sample of a Registered Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
QoL (SF-36 in %)	Median	Compromised QoL n (%)	Uncompromised QoL n (%)
Functional capacity	65.00	96 (50.26)	95 (49.74)
Physical aspect	50.00	106 (55.50)	85 (44.50)
Pain	45.00	97 (50.79)	94 (49.21)
General state of health	57.00	104 (54.45)	87 (45.55)
Vitality	60.00	98 (51.31)	93 (48.69)
Social aspect	62.50	112 (58.64)	79 (41.36)
Emotional aspect	33.33	97 (50.79)	94 (49.21)
Mental health	64.00	97 (50.79)	94 (49.21)
Total score	52.87	97 (50.79)	94 (49.21)

Table 2. Impact of Pain on the QoL of the Population Sample of a Registered Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

QoL (SF-36 in %)

Median

Compromised QoL n (%)

Uncompromised QoL n (%)

Functional capacity

65.00

96 (50.26)

95 (49.74)

Physical aspect

50.00

106 (55.50)

85 (44.50)

Pain

45.00

97 (50.79)

94 (49.21)

General state of health

57.00

104 (54.45)

87 (45.55)

Vitality

60.00

98 (51.31)

93 (48.69)

Social aspect

62.50

112 (58.64)

79 (41.36)

Emotional aspect

33.33

97 (50.79)

94 (49.21)

Mental health

64.00

97 (50.79)

94 (49.21)

Total score

52.87

97 (50.79)

94 (49.21)

**Table 3.** Multiple Logistic Regression Predictors of “Neuropathic Pain” in a Population Sample of a Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Variables	B	Standard error	Wald	df	P	Crude OR (IC 95%)
Pain in shoulders	0.935	0.354	6.994	1	0.008	2.548 (1.274 - 5.096)
Constant	0.163	0.173	0.894	1	0.344	1.177
Pain in dorsal region	1.323	0.478	7.672	1	0.006	3.755 (1.472 - 9.576)
Constant	0.217	0.161	1.834	1	0.176	1.243
Pain in arms	1.070	0.485	4.870	1	0.027	2.917 (1.127 - 7.547)
Constant	0.273	0.159	2.969	1	0.085	1.314
Pain in hands	1.504	0.564	7.109	1	0.008	4.500 (1.489 - 13.596)
Constant	0.245	0.157	2.427	1	0.119	1.278
Pain in thighs	1.187	0.428	7.699	1	0.006	3.277 (1.417 - 7.579)
Constant	0.199	0.164	1.485	1	0.223	1.221
Pain in knees	0.718	0.304	5.580	1	0.018	2.050 (1.130 - 3.719)
Constant	0.097	0.197	0.243	1	0.622	1.102
Pain in legs	0.692	0.331	4.364	1	0.037	1.997 (1.044 - 3.821)
Constant	0.202	0.177	1.306	1	0.253	1.224
Pain in feet	1.625	0.421	14.924	1	< 0.001	5.076 (2.226 - 11.575)
Constant	0.057	0.169	0.114	1	0.735	1.059

Table 3. Multiple Logistic Regression Predictors of “Neuropathic Pain” in a Population Sample of a Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Variables

Standard error

Wald

Crude OR (IC 95%)

Pain in shoulders

0.935

0.354

6.994

0.008

2.548 (1.274 - 5.096)

Constant

0.163

0.173

0.894

0.344

1.177

Pain in dorsal region

1.323

0.478

7.672

0.006

3.755 (1.472 - 9.576)

Constant

0.217

0.161

1.834

0.176

1.243

Pain in arms

1.070

0.485

4.870

0.027

2.917 (1.127 - 7.547)

Constant

0.273

0.159

2.969

0.085

1.314

Pain in hands

1.504

0.564

7.109

0.008

4.500 (1.489 - 13.596)

Constant

0.245

0.157

2.427

0.119

1.278

Pain in thighs

1.187

0.428

7.699

0.006

3.277 (1.417 - 7.579)

Constant

0.199

0.164

1.485

0.223

1.221

Pain in knees

0.718

0.304

5.580

0.018

2.050 (1.130 - 3.719)

Constant

0.097

0.197

0.243

0.622

1.102

Pain in legs

0.692

0.331

4.364

0.037

1.997 (1.044 - 3.821)

Constant

0.202

0.177

1.306

0.253

1.224

Pain in feet

1.625

0.421

14.924

< 0.001

5.076 (2.226 - 11.575)

Constant

0.057

0.169

0.114

0.735

1.059

**Table 4.** Multivariate Analysis Adjusted for Independent Predictors of Neuropathic Pain in the Population Sample of a Registered Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Variables	B	Standard error	Wald	P	Adjusted OR (IC 95%)
χ² = 36.943; gl = 4; P < 0.001.
Pain in dorsal region	1.355	0.503	7.261	0.007	3.879 (1.447 - 10.395)
Pain in hands	1.236	0.597	4.283	0.038	3.440 (1.068 - 11.085)
Pain in thighs	0.974	0.460	4.488	0.034	2.649 (1.076 - 6.522)
Pain in feet	1.378	0.442	9.730	0.002	3.969 (1.669 - 9.437)
Constant	-0.393	0.206	3.657	0.056	0.675

Table 4. Multivariate Analysis Adjusted for Independent Predictors of Neuropathic Pain in the Population Sample of a Registered Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Variables

Standard error

Wald

Adjusted OR (IC 95%)

χ² = 36.943; gl = 4; P < 0.001.

Pain in dorsal region

1.355

0.503

7.261

0.007

3.879 (1.447 - 10.395)

Pain in hands

1.236

0.597

4.283

0.038

3.440 (1.068 - 11.085)

Pain in thighs

0.974

0.460

4.488

0.034

2.649 (1.076 - 6.522)

Pain in feet

1.378

0.442

9.730

0.002

3.969 (1.669 - 9.437)

Constant

-0.393

0.206

3.657

0.056

0.675

**Table 5.** Multiple Logistic Regression Predictors of the Total Score of SF-36 in a Population Sample of a Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Variables	B	Standard error	Wald	df	P	Crude OR (IC 95%)
Severe pain	-0.785	0.358	4.797	1	0.029	0.456 (0.226 - 0.921)
Constant	0.241	0.201	1.433	1	0.231	1.273
Pain in shoulders	-0.890	0.331	7.217	1	0.007	0.411 (0.215 - 0.786)
Constant	0.223	0.173	1.660	1	0.198	1.250
Pain in dorsal region	-1.188	0.420	7.979	1	0.005	0.305 (0.134 - 0.695)
Constant	0.166	0.160	1.074	1	0.300	1.181
Pain in arms	-0.716	0.421	2.890	1	0.089	0.489 (0.214 - 1.116)
Constant	0.074	0.157	0.222	1	0.637	1.077
DN4 score (neuropathic pain)	-1.326	0.314	17.867	1	< 0.001	0.266 (0.144 - 0.491)
Constant	0.773	0.247	9.817	1	0.002	2.167

Table 5. Multiple Logistic Regression Predictors of the Total Score of SF-36 in a Population Sample of a Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Variables

Standard error

Wald

Crude OR (IC 95%)

Severe pain

-0.785

0.358

4.797

0.029

0.456 (0.226 - 0.921)

Constant

0.241

0.201

1.433

0.231

1.273

Pain in shoulders

-0.890

0.331

7.217

0.007

0.411 (0.215 - 0.786)

Constant

0.223

0.173

1.660

0.198

1.250

Pain in dorsal region

-1.188

0.420

7.979

0.005

0.305 (0.134 - 0.695)

Constant

0.166

0.160

1.074

0.300

1.181

Pain in arms

-0.716

0.421

2.890

0.089

0.489 (0.214 - 1.116)

Constant

0.074

0.157

0.222

0.637

1.077

DN4 score
(neuropathic pain)

-1.326

0.314

17.867

< 0.001

0.266 (0.144 - 0.491)

Constant

0.773

0.247

9.817

0.002

2.167

**Table 6.** Adjusted Analysis of the Predictors of the Total Score of SF-36 in the Population Sample of a Registered Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Variables	B	Standard error	Wald	P	Adjusted OR (IC 95%)
χ² = 36.355; gl = 7; P < 0.001.
Pain in dorsal region	-1.169	0.470	6.185	0.013	0.311 (0.124 - 0.781)
Time of pain less than 5 years			5.119	0.077
Time of pain between 5 and 10 years	-0.403	0.375	1.152	0.283	0.668 (0.320 - 1.395)
Time of pain exceeding 10 years	0.626	0.422	2.203	0.138	1.870 (0.818 - 4.272)
Without pain at the moment			7.249	0.064
Slight pain	-0.755	0.649	1.353	0.245	0.470 (0.132 - 1.677)
Moderate pain	-0.541	0.471	1.320	0.251	0.582 (0.231 - 1.466)
Severe pain	-1.048	0.401	6.814	0.009	0.351 (0.160 - 0.770)
DN4 score (neuropathic pain)	-1.227	0.333	13.563	< 0.001	0.293 (0.153 - 0.563)
Constant	1.294	0.360	12.936	0.000	3.649

Table 6. Adjusted Analysis of the Predictors of the Total Score of SF-36 in the Population Sample of a Registered Health Unit, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Variables

Standard error

Wald

Adjusted OR (IC 95%)

χ² = 36.355; gl = 7; P < 0.001.

Pain in dorsal region

-1.169

0.470

6.185

0.013

0.311 (0.124 - 0.781)

Time of pain less than 5 years

5.119

0.077

Time of pain between 5 and 10 years

-0.403

0.375

1.152

0.283

0.668 (0.320 - 1.395)

Time of pain exceeding 10 years

0.626

0.422

2.203

0.138

1.870 (0.818 - 4.272)

Without pain at the moment

7.249

0.064

Slight pain

-0.755

0.649

1.353

0.245

0.470 (0.132 - 1.677)

Moderate pain

-0.541

0.471

1.320

0.251

0.582 (0.231 - 1.466)

Severe pain

-1.048

0.401

6.814

0.009

0.351 (0.160 - 0.770)

DN4 score (neuropathic pain)

-1.227

0.333

13.563

< 0.001

0.293 (0.153 - 0.563)

Constant

1.294

0.360

12.936

0.000

3.649