J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 6, Number 1, February 2014, pages 36-43

The Ratio of Low-Frequency to High-Frequency in Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Monitoring Immediately Before Coronary Angiography as a Predictor of the Presence of Coronary Artery Disease

Figure 1. Time-course of BP and HR at both 1 day and immediately before and after CAG in the CAD and non-CAD groups. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate. *P < 0.05 vs. at 1 day before CAG (baseline). #P < 0.05 vs. non-CAD group.

**Table 1.** Baseline Clinical Characteristics in the CAD and Non-CAD Groups
	All	CAD (n = 64)	Non-CAD (n = 14)
BMI, body mass index; HT, hypertension; DL, dyslipidemia; DM, diabetes mellitus; HU, hyperuricemia; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. *P < 0.05 vs. non-CAD.
Age (years)	68 ± 10	68 ± 10	65 ± 13
Male, n (%)	53 (68)	45 (70)	8 (57)
BMI (kg/m²)	24.0 ± 3.8	24.0 ± 3.6	24.1 ± 4.8
HT, n (%)	71 (91)	62 (97)*	9 (64)
DL, n (%)	63 (81)	56 (88)*	7 (50)
DM, n (%)	33 (42)	29 (45)	4 (29)
HU, n (%)	10 (13)	9 (14)	1 (7)
CKD, n (%)	34 (44)	30 (47)	4 (29)
Smoking, n (%)	45 (58)	38 (59)	7 (50)
Sedation, n (%)	18 (23)	14 (22)	4 (29)
Medication
β-blocker, n (%)	7 (9)	6 (9)	1 (7)
α-blocker, n (%)	2 (3)	2 (3)	0 (0)
αβ-blocker, n (%)	13 (17)	12 (19)	1 (7)
CCB, n (%)	54 (69)	45 (70)	9 (64)
ARB, n (%)	45 (71)	41 (59)*	4 (29)
ACE-I, n (%)	9 (12)	7 (11)	2 (14)
Diuretic, n (%)	17(22)	4(22)	3(21)

Table 1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics in the CAD and Non-CAD Groups

All

CAD (n = 64)

Non-CAD (n = 14)

BMI, body mass index; HT, hypertension; DL, dyslipidemia; DM, diabetes mellitus; HU, hyperuricemia; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. *P < 0.05 vs. non-CAD.

Age (years)

68 ± 10

65 ± 13

Male, n (%)

53 (68)

45 (70)

8 (57)

BMI (kg/m²)

24.0 ± 3.8

24.0 ± 3.6

24.1 ± 4.8

HT, n (%)

71 (91)

62 (97)*

9 (64)

DL, n (%)

63 (81)

56 (88)*

7 (50)

DM, n (%)

33 (42)

29 (45)

4 (29)

HU, n (%)

10 (13)

9 (14)

1 (7)

CKD, n (%)

34 (44)

30 (47)

4 (29)

Smoking, n (%)

45 (58)

38 (59)

7 (50)

Sedation, n (%)

18 (23)

14 (22)

4 (29)

Medication

β-blocker, n (%)

7 (9)

6 (9)

1 (7)

α-blocker, n (%)

2 (3)

0 (0)

αβ-blocker, n (%)

13 (17)

12 (19)

1 (7)

CCB, n (%)

54 (69)

45 (70)

9 (64)

ARB, n (%)

45 (71)

41 (59)*

4 (29)

ACE-I, n (%)

9 (12)

7 (11)

2 (14)

Diuretic, n (%)

17(22)

4(22)

3(21)

**Table 2.** Various Parameters in the CAD and Non-CAD Groups
	All	CAD	Non-CAD
SBP, systolic blood presure; DBP, diastolic blood presure; HR, heart rate; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N terminal B-type natriuretic peptide. There were no significant differences in these parameters between CAD and non-CAD.
SBP (mmHg)	128 ± 15	129 ± 16	123 ± 10
DBP (mmHg)	71 ± 10	71 ± 10	73 ± 11
HR (/min)	73 ± 12	72 ± 11	75 ± 16
EF (%)	62 ± 8	62 ± 8	63 ± 5
eGFR (mL/min)	63 ± 17	62 ± 17	67 ± 17
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	182 ± 257	205 ± 278	80 ± 64

Table 2. Various Parameters in the CAD and Non-CAD Groups

All

CAD

Non-CAD

SBP, systolic blood presure; DBP, diastolic blood presure; HR, heart rate; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N terminal B-type natriuretic peptide. There were no significant differences in these parameters between CAD and non-CAD.

SBP (mmHg)

128 ± 15

129 ± 16

123 ± 10

DBP (mmHg)

71 ± 10

73 ± 11

HR (/min)

73 ± 12

72 ± 11

75 ± 16

EF (%)

62 ± 8

63 ± 5

eGFR (mL/min)

63 ± 17

62 ± 17

67 ± 17

NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

182 ± 257

205 ± 278

80 ± 64

**Table 3.** Predictors of the Presence of CAD
Factors	OR (95% CI)	P value
BMI, body mass index; HT, hypertension; DL, dyslipidemia; LF/HF, the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency; CAG, coronary angiography.
Age	1.06 (0.98-1.15)	0.172
Male	0.46 (0.08-2.65)	0.387
BMI	0.91 (0.73-1.13)	0.388
HT	22.7 (2.03-254)	0.011
DL	12.3 (1.89-80.7)	0.009
LF/HF (immediately before CAG)	0.98 (0.95-1.00)	0.046
LF/HF (immediately after CAG)	1.01 (0.99-1.03)	0.495

Table 3. Predictors of the Presence of CAD

Factors

OR (95% CI)

P value

BMI, body mass index; HT, hypertension; DL, dyslipidemia; LF/HF, the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency; CAG, coronary angiography.

Age

1.06 (0.98-1.15)

0.172

Male

0.46 (0.08-2.65)

0.387

BMI

0.91 (0.73-1.13)

0.388

22.7 (2.03-254)

0.011

12.3 (1.89-80.7)

0.009

LF/HF (immediately before CAG)

0.98 (0.95-1.00)

0.046

LF/HF (immediately after CAG)

1.01 (0.99-1.03)

0.495