J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 5, Number 2, April 2013, pages 84-91

Parenting Practices in Pregnancy Smokers Compared to Non Smokers

**Table 1.** Demographic Characteristics of the Study Sample (n = 216)
Characteristic	Bio-mom did not-smoke n (%)	Bio-mom Smoked n (%)	χ²	P
No. of participants	177 (82)	39 (18)
Baseline Age, year			0.797	0.671
3	42 (24)	11 (28)
4	86 (49)	16 (41)
5	48 (27)	12 (31)
Child Ethnicity			8.187	0.017
Caucasian	107 (61)	14 (36)
African American	52 (29)	18 (46)
Other	17 (10)	7 (18)
Child Gender			0.476	0.595
Males	97 (55)	19 (49)
Females	80 (45)	20 (51)
Total family income at baseline			15.939	0.001
≤ $20,000	26 (16)	16 (46)
$20,001 - $40,000	30 (18)	4 (11)
$40,001 - $60,000	32 (19)	6 (17)
≥ $60,001	76 (46)	9 (26)
Bio-mom education at baseline			19.892	< 0.001
High school diploma	18 (10)	15 (39)
Some college	65 (38)	13 (33)
4-year college degree	37 (22)	4 (10)
Graduate education	52 (30)	7 (18)

Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Study Sample (n = 216)

Characteristic

Bio-mom did not-smoke
n (%)

Bio-mom Smoked
n (%)

χ²

No. of participants

177 (82)

39 (18)

Baseline Age, year

0.797

0.671

42 (24)

11 (28)

86 (49)

16 (41)

48 (27)

12 (31)

Child Ethnicity

8.187

0.017

Caucasian

107 (61)

14 (36)

African American

52 (29)

18 (46)

Other

17 (10)

7 (18)

Child Gender

0.476

0.595

Males

97 (55)

19 (49)

Females

80 (45)

20 (51)

Total family income at baseline

15.939

0.001

≤ $20,000

26 (16)

16 (46)

$20,001 - $40,000

30 (18)

4 (11)

$40,001 - $60,000

32 (19)

6 (17)

≥ $60,001

76 (46)

9 (26)

Bio-mom education at baseline

19.892

< 0.001

High school diploma

18 (10)

15 (39)

Some college

65 (38)

13 (33)

4-year college degree

37 (22)

4 (10)

Graduate education

52 (30)

7 (18)

**Table 2.** Multiple Linear Regression Results Showing Smoking During Pregnancy Status Associated With Frequency of Verbal Dispraises Controlling for Variables Known to Impact Parenting
	Model 1	Model 2^a
^a model 2 used stepwise method to get to the final model.
Overall model	4.74	0.103	< 0.001	12.29	0.104	< 0.001
Variable	Coefficient	t	P	Coefficient	t	P
Constant	20.42	2.58	0.011
Alcohol during pregnancy	-3.55	-1.12	0.264
Baseline total family income	-0.51	-1.07	0.285
HBQP externalizing scores	4.66	1.00	0.319
Race	-2.09	-0.76	0.451
Education	-1.30	-1.84	0.068	-1.89	-3.60	< 0.001
Smoking during pregnancy	8.91	2.34	0.020	8.42	2.28	0.024

Table 2. Multiple Linear Regression Results Showing Smoking During Pregnancy Status Associated With Frequency of Verbal Dispraises Controlling for Variables Known to Impact Parenting

Model 1

Model 2^a

F (6, 189)

R²

F (2, 193)

R²

^a model 2 used stepwise method to get to the final model.

Overall model

4.74

0.103

< 0.001

12.29

0.104

< 0.001

Variable

Coefficient

Constant

20.42

2.58

0.011

Alcohol during pregnancy

-3.55

-1.12

0.264

Baseline total family income

-0.51

-1.07

0.285

HBQP externalizing scores

4.66

1.00

0.319

Race

-2.09

-0.76

0.451

Education

-1.30

-1.84

0.068

-1.89

-3.60

< 0.001

Smoking during pregnancy

8.91

2.34

0.020

8.42

2.28

0.024

**Table 3.** Logistic Regression Results Showing Smoking During Pregnancy Status Associated With Left Marks or Bruises (Intensity) Controlling for Variables Known to Impact Parenting
^amodel 2 used stepwise method to get to the final model; ^bOR: odds ratio; ^cCI: confidence interval.
	Model 1	Model 2^a
	χ²	df	P	R²	χ²	df	P	R²
Overall model	20.63	5	0.001	0.240	14.69	1	< 0.001	0.173
Variable	Coeff	χ²	P	OR^b (95% CI)^c	Coeff	χ²	P	OR^b (95% CI)^c
Constant	-3.91	11.47	0.001	0.020	-3.25	60.82	< 0.001	0.039
Alcohol during pregnancy	0.27	0.18	0.672	1.30 (0.38, 4.46)
Baseline total family income	-0.17	3.97	0.046	0.84 (0.71,1.00)
HBQP externalizing scores	0.79	0.79	0.373	2.20 (0.39, 12.42)
Education	0.22	2.50	0.114	1.24 (0.95, 1.63)
Smoking during pregnancy	2.00	9.83	0.002	7.35 (2.11, 25.59)	2.18	14.78	< 0.001	8.89 (2.92, 27.05)

Table 3. Logistic Regression Results Showing Smoking During Pregnancy Status Associated With Left Marks or Bruises (Intensity) Controlling for Variables Known to Impact Parenting

^amodel 2 used stepwise method to get to the final model; ^bOR: odds ratio; ^cCI: confidence interval.

Model 1

Model 2^a

χ²

R²

χ²

R²

Overall model

20.63

0.001

0.240

14.69

< 0.001

0.173

Variable

Coeff

χ²

OR^b
(95% CI)^c

Coeff

χ²

OR^b
(95% CI)^c

Constant

-3.91

11.47

0.001

0.020

-3.25

60.82

< 0.001

0.039

Alcohol during pregnancy

0.27

0.18

0.672

1.30 (0.38, 4.46)

Baseline total family income

-0.17

3.97

0.046

0.84 (0.71,1.00)

HBQP externalizing scores

0.79

0.373

2.20 (0.39, 12.42)

Education

0.22

2.50

0.114

1.24 (0.95, 1.63)

Smoking during pregnancy

2.00

9.83

0.002

7.35 (2.11, 25.59)

2.18

14.78

< 0.001

8.89 (2.92, 27.05)