J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 3, March 2018, pages 240-246

The Current Conditions and Lifestyles of Obese University Students

**Table 1.** Yearly Trends in the Number of Obese Students
The year	The number of first grade students	The number of first grade students with obesity	The number of first grade students with obesity agreed to undergo a detailed examination	SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg	FBS ≥ 110 mg/dL	TG ≥ 150 mg/dL	HDL-C < 40 mg/dL	ALT ≥ 50 IU/L	UA > 7.0 mg/dL
M: males; F: females; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBS: fasting blood sugar; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; UA: uric acid; N.D.: not determined. The parentheses indicate the number of male students.
2010	4,640 (2,909)	203 (163)	38 (32)	21 (20)	1 (1)	5 (5)	7 (6)	15 (15)	N.D.
2011	4,734 (2,916)	254 (207)	50 (39)	25 (22)	1 (1)	7 (7)	6 (5)	16 (16)	27 (26)
2012	4,516 (2,773)	244 (188)	38 (34)	13 (13)	2 (1)	3 (2)	8 (6)	14 (12)	17 (16)
2013	4,752 (2,842)	219 (169)	46 (30)	41 (29)	0 (0)	10 (9)	10 (9)	20 (20)	25 (24)
2014	4,521 (2,714)	384 (277)	87 (62)	32 (26)	3 (3)	8 (7)	6 (4)	17 (16)	26 (24)
2015	4,579 (2731)	371 (278)	70 (58)	42 (36)	0 (0)	13 (12)	12 (12)	20 (20)	25 (25)
2016	4,520 (2753)	361 (270)	68 (48)	42 (37)	1 (1)	12 (11)	12 (12)	18 (17)	29 (28)
Total	32,262 (19,638)	2,036 (1,552)	397 (303)	216 (183)	8 (7)	58 (53)	61 (54)	120 (116)	149 (143)

Table 1. Yearly Trends in the Number of Obese Students

The year

The number of first grade students

The number of first grade students with obesity

The number of first grade students with obesity agreed to undergo a detailed examination

SBP ≥ 130 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥ 85 mm Hg

FBS ≥ 110 mg/dL

TG ≥ 150 mg/dL

HDL-C < 40 mg/dL

ALT ≥ 50 IU/L

UA > 7.0 mg/dL

M: males; F: females; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FBS: fasting blood sugar; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; UA: uric acid; N.D.: not determined. The parentheses indicate the number of male students.

2010

4,640 (2,909)

203 (163)

38 (32)

21 (20)

1 (1)

5 (5)

7 (6)

15 (15)

N.D.

2011

4,734 (2,916)

254 (207)

50 (39)

25 (22)

1 (1)

7 (7)

6 (5)

16 (16)

27 (26)

2012

4,516 (2,773)

244 (188)

38 (34)

13 (13)

2 (1)

3 (2)

8 (6)

14 (12)

17 (16)

2013

4,752 (2,842)

219 (169)

46 (30)

41 (29)

0 (0)

10 (9)

20 (20)

25 (24)

2014

4,521 (2,714)

384 (277)

87 (62)

32 (26)

3 (3)

8 (7)

6 (4)

17 (16)

26 (24)

2015

4,579 (2731)

371 (278)

70 (58)

42 (36)

0 (0)

13 (12)

12 (12)

20 (20)

25 (25)

2016

4,520 (2753)

361 (270)

68 (48)

42 (37)

1 (1)

12 (11)

12 (12)

18 (17)

29 (28)

Total

32,262 (19,638)

2,036 (1,552)

397 (303)

216 (183)

8 (7)

58 (53)

61 (54)

120 (116)

149 (143)

**Table 2.** Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: All Students, Males and Females
	All	Males	Females
BH: body height; BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index; AC: abdominal circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; WBC: white blood cell; RBC: red blood cell; Hb: hemoglobin; PLT: platelet; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cr: creatine; UA: uric acid; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; γGTP: γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; EPA/AA: the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid; Na: sodium; K: potassium; FBS: blood sugar; IRI: insulin; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; hCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein. P < 0.05, *P < 0.01 vs. Males.
N	221	165	56
Age (years)	19 ± 1	19 ± 1	18 ± 1
BH (cm)	167 ± 8	171 ± 6	158 ± 5**
BW (kg)	86 ± 14	90 ± 12	74 ± 14**
BMI (kg/m²)	31 ± 4	31 ± 4	30 ± 4
AC (cm)	95 ± 10	97 ± 10	90 ± 10**
Body fat (%)	32 ± 7	30 ± 7	38 ± 5**
Non-smoking (%)	67	68	66
Exercise (%)	32	38	18*
SBP (mm Hg)	135 ± 13	137 ± 12	127 ± 13**
DBP (mm Hg)	72 ± 11	73 ± 11	69 ± 10*
WBC (/µL)	7,163 ± 1,703	7,001 ± 1,657	7641 ± 1761*
RBC (×10⁴/µL)	516 ± 38	530 ± 29	473 ± 27**
Hb (g/dL)	15 ± 1	16 ± 1	14 ± 1**
PLT (×10⁴/µL)	28 ± 5	27 ± 5	30 ± 6**
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 3	12 ± 3	10 ± 2**
Cr (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1**
UA (mg/dL)	6.5 ± 1.6	7.0 ± 1.5	5.2 ± 1.1**
AST (IU/L)	27 ± 16	30 ± 17	20 ± 6**
ALT (IU/L)	44 ± 41	51 ± 44	24 ± 17**
γGTP (IU/L)	33 ± 26	37 ± 28	21 ± 9**
TC (mg/dL)	182 ± 31	183 ± 33	178 ± 22
TG (mg/dL)	104 ± 70	111 ± 76	83 ± 44*
HDL-C (mg/dL)	50 ± 10	49 ± 9	55 ± 10**
LDL-C (mg/dL)	116 ± 28	118 ± 30	109 ± 21*
EPA/AA	0.14 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.07	0.13 ± 0.07
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 7	141 ± 2	139 ± 14*
K (mE/dL)	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3
FBS (mg/dL)	87 ± 8	88 ± 9	86 ± 6
IRI	12 ± 6	12 ± 8	12 ± 5
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3
HOMA-IR	2.6 ± 2.0	2.7 ± 2.2	2.6 ± 1.2
hCRP (ng/mL)	1,773 ± 2,926	1,648 ± 2,711	2,146 ± 3,492
Adiponection	6.4 ± 2.4	6.0 ± 2.2	7.6 ± 2.7*

Table 2. Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: All Students, Males and Females

All

Males

Females

BH: body height; BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index; AC: abdominal circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; WBC: white blood cell; RBC: red blood cell; Hb: hemoglobin; PLT: platelet; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cr: creatine; UA: uric acid; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; γGTP: γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; EPA/AA: the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid; Na: sodium; K: potassium; FBS: blood sugar; IRI: insulin; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; hCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. Males.

221

165

Age (years)

19 ± 1

18 ± 1

BH (cm)

167 ± 8

171 ± 6

158 ± 5**

BW (kg)

86 ± 14

90 ± 12

74 ± 14**

BMI (kg/m²)

31 ± 4

30 ± 4

AC (cm)

95 ± 10

97 ± 10

90 ± 10**

Body fat (%)

32 ± 7

30 ± 7

38 ± 5**

Non-smoking (%)

Exercise (%)

18*

SBP (mm Hg)

135 ± 13

137 ± 12

127 ± 13**

DBP (mm Hg)

72 ± 11

73 ± 11

69 ± 10*

WBC (/µL)

7,163 ± 1,703

7,001 ± 1,657

7641 ± 1761*

RBC (×10⁴/µL)

516 ± 38

530 ± 29

473 ± 27**

Hb (g/dL)

15 ± 1

16 ± 1

14 ± 1**

PLT (×10⁴/µL)

28 ± 5

27 ± 5

30 ± 6**

BUN (mg/dL)

12 ± 3

10 ± 2**

Cr (mg/dL)

0.8 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0.1

0.6 ± 0.1**

UA (mg/dL)

6.5 ± 1.6

7.0 ± 1.5

5.2 ± 1.1**

AST (IU/L)

27 ± 16

30 ± 17

20 ± 6**

ALT (IU/L)

44 ± 41

51 ± 44

24 ± 17**

γGTP (IU/L)

33 ± 26

37 ± 28

21 ± 9**

TC (mg/dL)

182 ± 31

183 ± 33

178 ± 22

TG (mg/dL)

104 ± 70

111 ± 76

83 ± 44*

HDL-C (mg/dL)

50 ± 10

49 ± 9

55 ± 10**

LDL-C (mg/dL)

116 ± 28

118 ± 30

109 ± 21*

EPA/AA

0.14 ± 0.07

0.15 ± 0.07

0.13 ± 0.07

Na (mEq/L)

141 ± 7

141 ± 2

139 ± 14*

K (mE/dL)

3.8 ± 0.3

FBS (mg/dL)

87 ± 8

88 ± 9

86 ± 6

IRI

12 ± 6

12 ± 8

12 ± 5

HbA1c (%)

5.2 ± 0.3

HOMA-IR

2.6 ± 2.0

2.7 ± 2.2

2.6 ± 1.2

hCRP (ng/mL)

1,773 ± 2,926

1,648 ± 2,711

2,146 ± 3,492

Adiponection

6.4 ± 2.4

6.0 ± 2.2

7.6 ± 2.7*

**Table 3.** Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: in Quartiles According to BMI
	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P for trend
N	56	56	56	53
Age (years)	19 ± 1	19 ± 1	19 ± 1	19 ± 1	NS
Male (%)	70	73	80	77	NS
BH (cm)	166 ± 8	167 ± 8	168 ± 8	169 ± 7	NS
BW (kg)	72 ± 7	83 ± 9	90 ± 8	99 ± 16	< 0.005
BMI (kg/m²)	26 ± 1	30 ± 1	32 ± 1	35 ± 2	< 0.005
AC (cm)	84 ± 5	92 ± 6	98 ± 8	106 ± 8	< 0.005
Body fat (%)	26 ± 7	31 ± 5	34 ± 6	37 ± 5	< 0.005
Non-smoking (%)	34:6%	42:8%	34:6%	36:7%	NS
Exercise (%)	22:4%	20:4%	12:2%	18:4%	NS
SBP (mm Hg)	128 ± 14	137 ± 13	134 ± 12	140 ± 12	< 0.005
DBP (mm Hg)	68 ± 12	72 ± 10	72 ± 11	76 ± 8	< 0.005
WBC (/µl)	6,439 ± 1,442	7,007 ± 1,619	7,268 ± 1,623	7,983 ± 1,797	< 0.005
RBC (×10⁴/µL)	502 ± 39	513 ± 37	521 ± 34	527 ± 39	< 0.005
Hb (g/dL)	15 ± 1	15 ± 1	15 ± 1	15 ± 1	NS
PLT (×10⁴/µL)	26 ± 5	28 ± 6	28 ± 5	29 ± 5	< 0.005
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 2	12 ± 3	12 ± 3	11 ± 3	NS
Cr (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	NS
UA (mg/dL)	5.6 ± 1.3	6.5 ± 1.5	6.9 ± 1.4	7.3 ± 1.6	< 0.005
AST (IU/L)	20 ± 5	27 ± 18	29 ± 17	33 ± 16	< 0.005
ALT (IU/L)	22 ± 12	45 ± 48	53 ± 45	59 ± 40	< 0.005
γGTP (IU/L)	23 ± 14	30 ± 22	40 ± 28	40 ± 32	< 0.005
TC (mg/dL)	177 ± 27	182 ± 29	190 ± 34	181 ± 33	NS
TG (mg/dL)	86 ± 51	97 ± 59	116 ± 76	118 ± 87	< 0.05
HDL-C (mg/dL)	54 ± 10	50 ± 9	48 ± 9	48 ± 9	< 0.005
LDL-C (mg/dL)	107 ± 23	116 ± 26	124 ± 34	117 ± 30	< 0.05
EPA/AA	0.15 ± 0.08	0.15 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.06	0.14 ± 0.08	NS
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 2	141 ± 2	141 ± 2	141 ± 2	NS
K (mE/dL)	3.9 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.2	NS
FBS (mg/dL)	84 ± 5	87 ± 7	89 ± 9	89 ± 9	< 0.005
IRI (µIU/mL)	8 ± 4	12 ± 9	12 ± 8	16 ± 6	< 0.005
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.3	NS
HOMA-IR	1.7 ± 0.8	2.6 ± 2.2	2.8 ± 2.6	3.5 ± 1.5	< 0.005
hCRP (ng/mL)	718 ± 1,562	1,492 ± 2,694	1,523 ± 1,998	3,503 ± 4,195	< 0.005
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	7.3 ± 2.2	6.2 ± 2.4	6.4 ± 3.0	5.5 ± 1.8	< 0.005

Table 3. Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: in Quartiles According to BMI

P for trend

Age (years)

19 ± 1

Male (%)

BH (cm)

166 ± 8

167 ± 8

168 ± 8

169 ± 7

BW (kg)

72 ± 7

83 ± 9

90 ± 8

99 ± 16

< 0.005

BMI (kg/m²)

26 ± 1

30 ± 1

32 ± 1

35 ± 2

< 0.005

AC (cm)

84 ± 5

92 ± 6

98 ± 8

106 ± 8

< 0.005

Body fat (%)

26 ± 7

31 ± 5

34 ± 6

37 ± 5

< 0.005

Non-smoking (%)

34:6%

42:8%

34:6%

36:7%

Exercise (%)

22:4%

20:4%

12:2%

18:4%

SBP (mm Hg)

128 ± 14

137 ± 13

134 ± 12

140 ± 12

< 0.005

DBP (mm Hg)

68 ± 12

72 ± 10

72 ± 11

76 ± 8

< 0.005

WBC (/µl)

6,439 ± 1,442

7,007 ± 1,619

7,268 ± 1,623

7,983 ± 1,797

< 0.005

RBC (×10⁴/µL)

502 ± 39

513 ± 37

521 ± 34

527 ± 39

< 0.005

Hb (g/dL)

15 ± 1

PLT (×10⁴/µL)

26 ± 5

28 ± 6

28 ± 5

29 ± 5

< 0.005

BUN (mg/dL)

12 ± 2

12 ± 3

11 ± 3

Cr (mg/dL)

0.8 ± 0.1

UA (mg/dL)

5.6 ± 1.3

6.5 ± 1.5

6.9 ± 1.4

7.3 ± 1.6

< 0.005

AST (IU/L)

20 ± 5

27 ± 18

29 ± 17

33 ± 16

< 0.005

ALT (IU/L)

22 ± 12

45 ± 48

53 ± 45

59 ± 40

< 0.005

γGTP (IU/L)

23 ± 14

30 ± 22

40 ± 28

40 ± 32

< 0.005

TC (mg/dL)

177 ± 27

182 ± 29

190 ± 34

181 ± 33

TG (mg/dL)

86 ± 51

97 ± 59

116 ± 76

118 ± 87

< 0.05

HDL-C (mg/dL)

54 ± 10

50 ± 9

48 ± 9

< 0.005

LDL-C (mg/dL)

107 ± 23

116 ± 26

124 ± 34

117 ± 30

< 0.05

EPA/AA

0.15 ± 0.08

0.15 ± 0.07

0.14 ± 0.06

0.14 ± 0.08

Na (mEq/L)

141 ± 2

K (mE/dL)

3.9 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.2

FBS (mg/dL)

84 ± 5

87 ± 7

89 ± 9

< 0.005

IRI (µIU/mL)

8 ± 4

12 ± 9

12 ± 8

16 ± 6

< 0.005

HbA1c (%)

5.2 ± 0.2

5.2 ± 0.4

5.2 ± 0.3

5.3 ± 0.3

HOMA-IR

1.7 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 2.2

2.8 ± 2.6

3.5 ± 1.5

< 0.005

hCRP (ng/mL)

718 ± 1,562

1,492 ± 2,694

1,523 ± 1,998

3,503 ± 4,195

< 0.005

Adiponectin (µg/mL)

7.3 ± 2.2

6.2 ± 2.4

6.4 ± 3.0

5.5 ± 1.8

< 0.005

**Table 4.** Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: Exercise and Non-Exercise Groups in Males and Females
	Males	Females
*P < 0.01 vs. Exercise.
N	64	101	10	46
Age	19 ± 2	19 ± 5	19 ± 1	18 ± 1
BMI (kg/m²)	31 ± 4	31 ± 3	30 ± 4	30 ± 4
AC (cm)	96 ± 11	98 ± 9	92 ± 8	89 ± 10
Body fat (%)	28 ± 7	31 ± 7*	35 ± 5	39 ± 4*
SBP (mm Hg)	139 ± 12	137 ± 12	126 ± 9	128 ± 14
DBP (mm Hg)	72 ± 11	74 ± 11	66 ± 6	69 ± 11
Non-smoking	73%	69%	60%	70%
WBC (/µL)	6,734 ± 1,617	7,218 ± 1,643	7,920 ± 2,243	7,563 ± 1,681
RBC (×10⁴/µL)	525 ± 30	534 ± 29	464 ± 26	475 ± 27
Hb (g/dL)	16 ± 1	16 ± 1	13 ± 1	14 ± 1
PLT (×10⁴/µL)	26 ± 5	27 ± 5	28 ± 7	31 ± 5
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 3	12 ± 3	11 ± 3	10 ± 2
Cr (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1
UA (mg/dL)	6.9 ± 1.5	7.1 ± 1.5	5.3 ± 1.1	5.2 ± 1.1
AST (IU/L)	28 ± 18	31 ± 17	21 ± 9	20 ± 6
ALT (IU/L)	44 ± 42	57 ± 4	27 ± 28	23 ± 14
γGTP (IU/L)	36 ± 30	39 ± 28	19 ± 5	21 ± 10
TC (mg/dL)	187 ± 32	183 ± 34	182 ± 24	177 ± 21
TG (mg/dL)	108 ± 70	113 ± 76	75 ± 39	85 ± 45
HDL-C (mg/dL)	50 ± 9	47 ± 9*	55 ± 8	55 ± 10
LDL-C (mg/dL)	119 ± 29	120 ± 31	112 ± 20	108 ± 21
EPA/AA	0.16 ± 0.08	0.14 ± 0.06	0.13 ± 0.06	0.13 ± 0.07
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 2	142 ± 2	141 ± 2	140 ± 2
K (mE/dL)	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.2	3.8 ± 0.3
FBS (mg/dL)	89 ± 9	87 ± 9	86 ± 9	85 ± 5
IRI (µIU/mL)	12 ± 11	12 ± 6	12 ± 8	12 ± 5
HbA1c (%)	5.3 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3	5.1 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3
HOMA-IR	2.7 ± 3.1	2.6 ± 1.4	2.6 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 1.1
hCRP (ng/mL)	1,711 ± 3,082	1,697 ± 2,550	2,593 ± 4,441	2,049 ± 3,375
Adiponection (µ/mL)	6.3 ± 2.4	5.7 ± 2.0	8.8 ± 3.1	7.4 ± 2.6

Table 4. Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: Exercise and Non-Exercise Groups in Males and Females

Males

Females

Exercise

Non-exercise

Exercise

Non-exercise

*P < 0.01 vs. Exercise.

101

Age

19 ± 2

19 ± 5

19 ± 1

18 ± 1

BMI (kg/m²)

31 ± 4

31 ± 3

30 ± 4

AC (cm)

96 ± 11

98 ± 9

92 ± 8

89 ± 10

Body fat (%)

28 ± 7

31 ± 7*

35 ± 5

39 ± 4*

SBP (mm Hg)

139 ± 12

137 ± 12

126 ± 9

128 ± 14

DBP (mm Hg)

72 ± 11

74 ± 11

66 ± 6

69 ± 11

Non-smoking

73%

69%

60%

70%

WBC (/µL)

6,734 ± 1,617

7,218 ± 1,643

7,920 ± 2,243

7,563 ± 1,681

RBC (×10⁴/µL)

525 ± 30

534 ± 29

464 ± 26

475 ± 27

Hb (g/dL)

16 ± 1

13 ± 1

14 ± 1

PLT (×10⁴/µL)

26 ± 5

27 ± 5

28 ± 7

31 ± 5

BUN (mg/dL)

12 ± 3

11 ± 3

10 ± 2

Cr (mg/dL)

0.9 ± 0.1

0.7 ± 0.1

0.6 ± 0.1

UA (mg/dL)

6.9 ± 1.5

7.1 ± 1.5

5.3 ± 1.1

5.2 ± 1.1

AST (IU/L)

28 ± 18

31 ± 17

21 ± 9

20 ± 6

ALT (IU/L)

44 ± 42

57 ± 4

27 ± 28

23 ± 14

γGTP (IU/L)

36 ± 30

39 ± 28

19 ± 5

21 ± 10

TC (mg/dL)

187 ± 32

183 ± 34

182 ± 24

177 ± 21

TG (mg/dL)

108 ± 70

113 ± 76

75 ± 39

85 ± 45

HDL-C (mg/dL)

50 ± 9

47 ± 9*

55 ± 8

55 ± 10

LDL-C (mg/dL)

119 ± 29

120 ± 31

112 ± 20

108 ± 21

EPA/AA

0.16 ± 0.08

0.14 ± 0.06

0.13 ± 0.06

0.13 ± 0.07

Na (mEq/L)

141 ± 2

142 ± 2

141 ± 2

140 ± 2

K (mE/dL)

3.8 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.2

3.8 ± 0.3

FBS (mg/dL)

89 ± 9

87 ± 9

86 ± 9

85 ± 5

IRI (µIU/mL)

12 ± 11

12 ± 6

12 ± 8

12 ± 5

HbA1c (%)

5.3 ± 0.3

5.2 ± 0.3

5.1 ± 0.3

5.2 ± 0.3

HOMA-IR

2.7 ± 3.1

2.6 ± 1.4

2.6 ± 1.9

2.5 ± 1.1

hCRP (ng/mL)

1,711 ± 3,082

1,697 ± 2,550

2,593 ± 4,441

2,049 ± 3,375

Adiponection (µ/mL)

6.3 ± 2.4

5.7 ± 2.0

8.8 ± 3.1

7.4 ± 2.6

**Table 5.** Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: Smoking and Non-Smoking Groups
	Smoking	Non-smoking
*P < 0.05 vs. Smoking.
N	64	157
Age	19 ± 1	19 ± 4
Males (%)	73	75
BMI (kg/m²)	31 ± 3	31 ± 4
AC (cm)	95 ± 10	95 ± 11
Body fat (%)	32 ± 7	32 ± 8
SBP (mm Hg)	134 ± 14	136 ± 12
DBP (mm Hg)	72 ± 11	72 ± 11
Exercise (%)	33	35
WBC (/µL)	7,484 ± 1,668	7,035 ± 1,696
RBC (×10⁴/µL)	514 ± 40	516 ± 38
Hb (g/dL)	15 ± 1	15 ± 1
PLT (×10⁴/µL)	28 ± 5	27 ± 5
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 3	11 ± 3
Cr (mg/dL)	0.8 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1
UA (mg/dL)	6.6 ± 1.5	6.5 ± 1.6
AST (IU/L)	28 ± 16	27 ± 16
ALT (IU/L)	46 ± 44	44 ± 41
γGTP (IU/L)	35 ± 32	33 ± 23
TC (mg/dL)	191 ± 29	179 ± 31*
TG (mg/dL)	113 ± 81	100 ± 62*
HDL-C (mg/dL)	52 ± 11	50 ± 9
LDL-C (mg/dL)	122 ± 29	114 ± 28*
EPA/AA	0.14 ± 0.07	0.14 ± 0.07
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 2	141 ± 9
K (mE/dL)	3.8 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3
FBS (mg/dL)	88 ± 9	87 ± 8
IRI (µIU/mL)	11 ± 5	12 ± 8
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3
HOMA-IR	2.5 ± 1.5	2.7 ± 2.3
hCRP (ng/mL)	1,597 ± 1,086	1,919 ± 2,932
Adiponection (µ/mL)	6.5 ± 2.7	6.3 ± 2.4

Table 5. Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Students: Smoking and Non-Smoking Groups

Smoking

Non-smoking

*P < 0.05 vs. Smoking.

157

Age

19 ± 1

19 ± 4

Males (%)

BMI (kg/m²)

31 ± 3

31 ± 4

AC (cm)

95 ± 10

95 ± 11

Body fat (%)

32 ± 7

32 ± 8

SBP (mm Hg)

134 ± 14

136 ± 12

DBP (mm Hg)

72 ± 11

Exercise (%)

WBC (/µL)

7,484 ± 1,668

7,035 ± 1,696

RBC (×10⁴/µL)

514 ± 40

516 ± 38

Hb (g/dL)

15 ± 1

PLT (×10⁴/µL)

28 ± 5

27 ± 5

BUN (mg/dL)

12 ± 3

11 ± 3

Cr (mg/dL)

0.8 ± 0.1

UA (mg/dL)

6.6 ± 1.5

6.5 ± 1.6

AST (IU/L)

28 ± 16

27 ± 16

ALT (IU/L)

46 ± 44

44 ± 41

γGTP (IU/L)

35 ± 32

33 ± 23

TC (mg/dL)

191 ± 29

179 ± 31*

TG (mg/dL)

113 ± 81

100 ± 62*

HDL-C (mg/dL)

52 ± 11

50 ± 9

LDL-C (mg/dL)

122 ± 29

114 ± 28*

EPA/AA

0.14 ± 0.07

Na (mEq/L)

141 ± 2

141 ± 9

K (mE/dL)

3.8 ± 0.3

FBS (mg/dL)

88 ± 9

87 ± 8

IRI (µIU/mL)

11 ± 5

12 ± 8

HbA1c (%)

5.2 ± 0.3

HOMA-IR

2.5 ± 1.5

2.7 ± 2.3

hCRP (ng/mL)

1,597 ± 1,086

1,919 ± 2,932

Adiponection (µ/mL)

6.5 ± 2.7

6.3 ± 2.4

**Table 6.** Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Male Students: MetS and Non-MetS Groups
	Mets	Non-Mets
P < 0.05, *P < 0.01 vs. Mets.
N	40	125
Age	19 ± 2	19 ± 1
BH (cm)	172 ± 6	170 ± 6
BW (kg)	96 ± 9	88 ± 12**
BMI (kg/m²)	32 ± 3	30 ± 4**
AC (cm)	101 ± 6	95 ± 10**
Body fat (%)	32 ± 4	29 ± 8*
SBP(mm Hg)	141 ± 9	136 ± 13*
DBP(mm Hg)	75 ± 10	72 ± 11
Non-smoking (%)	60	69
Exercise (%)	30	42
WBC (/µL)	7,727 ± 1,483	6,769 ± 1,648**
RBC (×10⁴/µL)	544 ± 27	526 ± 29**
Hb (g/dL)	16 ± 1	15 ± 1**
PLT (×10⁴/µL)	28 ± 4	26 ± 5*
BUN (mg/dL)	12 ± 3	13 ± 3
Cr (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1
UA (mg/dL)	7.4 ± 1.3	6.9 ± 1.5*
AST (IU/L)	37 ± 22	27 ± 14**
ALT (IU/L)	76 ± 59	43 ± 35**
γGTP (IU/L)	52 ± 36	33 ± 24**
TC (mg/dL)	192 ± 39	181 ± 31
TG (mg/dL)	191 ± 101	86 ± 42**
HDL-C (mg/dL)	41 ± 6	51 ± 9**
LDL-C (mg/dL)	125 ± 35	116 ± 28
EPA/AA	0.14 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.07
Na (mEq/L)	141 ± 2	141 ± 2
K (mE/dL)	3.7 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3
FBS (mg/dL)	89 ± 11	87 ± 8
IRI (µIU/mL)	15 ± 11	11 ± 7**
HbA1c (%)	5.3 ± 0.3	5.2 ± 0.3
HOMA-IR	3.4 ± 2.7	2.4 ± 2.0*
hCRP (ng/mL)	2,081 ± 3,137	1,511 ± 2,561
Adiponection (µ/mL)	5.1 ± 1.5	6.2 ± 2.3**

Table 6. Characteristics of and Various Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Obese Male Students: MetS and Non-MetS Groups

Mets

Non-Mets

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. Mets.

125

Age

19 ± 2

19 ± 1

BH (cm)

172 ± 6

170 ± 6

BW (kg)

96 ± 9

88 ± 12**

BMI (kg/m²)

32 ± 3

30 ± 4**

AC (cm)

101 ± 6

95 ± 10**

Body fat (%)

32 ± 4

29 ± 8*

SBP(mm Hg)

141 ± 9

136 ± 13*

DBP(mm Hg)

75 ± 10

72 ± 11

Non-smoking (%)

Exercise (%)

WBC (/µL)

7,727 ± 1,483

6,769 ± 1,648**

RBC (×10⁴/µL)

544 ± 27

526 ± 29**

Hb (g/dL)

16 ± 1

15 ± 1**

PLT (×10⁴/µL)

28 ± 4

26 ± 5*

BUN (mg/dL)

12 ± 3

13 ± 3

Cr (mg/dL)

0.9 ± 0.1

UA (mg/dL)

7.4 ± 1.3

6.9 ± 1.5*

AST (IU/L)

37 ± 22

27 ± 14**

ALT (IU/L)

76 ± 59

43 ± 35**

γGTP (IU/L)

52 ± 36

33 ± 24**

TC (mg/dL)

192 ± 39

181 ± 31

TG (mg/dL)

191 ± 101

86 ± 42**

HDL-C (mg/dL)

41 ± 6

51 ± 9**

LDL-C (mg/dL)

125 ± 35

116 ± 28

EPA/AA

0.14 ± 0.07

0.15 ± 0.07

Na (mEq/L)

141 ± 2

K (mE/dL)

3.7 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.3

FBS (mg/dL)

89 ± 11

87 ± 8

IRI (µIU/mL)

15 ± 11

11 ± 7**

HbA1c (%)

5.3 ± 0.3

5.2 ± 0.3

HOMA-IR

3.4 ± 2.7

2.4 ± 2.0*

hCRP (ng/mL)

2,081 ± 3,137

1,511 ± 2,561

Adiponection (µ/mL)

5.1 ± 1.5

6.2 ± 2.3**