J Clin Med Res

Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, ISSN 1918-3003 print, 1918-3011 online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Clin Med Res and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.jocmr.org

Original Article

Volume 7, Number 5, May 2015, pages 348-355

Effectiveness of Physical Exercise to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youths: A Randomized Clinical Trial

**Table 1.** Baseline Group Characteristics (T0)
Characteristic	T0	P value^a
BMI: body mass index; z-BMI: body mass index z-score; SD: standard deviation; WC: waist circumference; cm: centimeters; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; mm Hg: millimeters of mercury; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; mmol/L: millimole per liter; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; min/day: minutes per day; IPAQ: international physical activity questionnaire; mm, millimeters. ^aDetermined using independent-samples t-test for continuous data. ^bDetermined using Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorized variables.
Age at first visit (years)	12.3 ± 2.5	12.7 ± 3.1	0.735
Gender			1.00^b
Male	3	4
Female	10	9
BMI father	29.1 ± 8.4	29.6 ± 6.7	0.873
BMI mother	28.3 ± 5.3	29.1 ± 3.8	0.903
Weight	74.0 ± 19.1	69.8 ± 20.4	0.597
Height	153.9 ± 11.4	152.6 ± 9.9	0.772
z-BMI (SD)	2.8 ± 0.8	2.6 ± 1.3	0.669
WC (cm)	98.1 ± 14.8	93.4 ± 14.3	0.288
Heart rate	80.6 ± 12.2	79.9 ± 11.7	0.895
Blood pressure
SBP (mm Hg)	108.0 ± 11.6	117.0 ± 13.1	0.079
DBP (mm Hg)	67.3 ± 10.5	75.0 ± 11.5	0.089
Normal levels	9 (69.2)	8 (61.5)	1.00^b
High levels	4 (30.8)	5 (38.5)
TC (mg/dL)	155.7 ± 20.3	146.7 ± 21.2	0.280
LDL-C (mg/dL)	95.3 ± 19.1	87.6 ± 20.2	0.342
HDL-C (mg/dL)	42.6 ± 7.8	37.5 ± 8.4	0.126
TG (mg/dL)	89.5 ± 28.7	105.5 ± 52.2	0.379
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	90.3 ± 5.7	89.0 ± 6.1	0.581
hs-CRP (mg/dL)	0.42 ± 0.40	0.29 ± 0.21	0.317
Screen time (min/day)	369.0 ± 177.7	513.7 ± 185.3	0.115
Sleep time (min/day)	557.0 ± 96.7	475.0 ± 128.5	0.132
IPAQ
Active	7 (53.8)	8 (61.5)	1.00^b
Sedentary	6 (46.1)	5 (38.4)
Active leisure time (min/day)	444.0 ± 435.6	424.6 ± 396.6	0.921
Skin folds
Abdominal (mm)	41.8 ± 15.5	38.1 ± 15.6	0.562
Triceps (mm)	33.0 ± 12.6	29.5 ± 12.3	0.483
Subscapular (mm)	31.1 ± 14.4	26.0 ± 11.5	0.359

Table 1. Baseline Group Characteristics (T0)

Characteristic

P value^a

Exercise group (n = 13)

Control group (n = 13)

BMI: body mass index; z-BMI: body mass index z-score; SD: standard deviation; WC: waist circumference; cm: centimeters; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; mm Hg: millimeters of mercury; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; mmol/L: millimole per liter; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; min/day: minutes per day; IPAQ: international physical activity questionnaire; mm, millimeters. ^aDetermined using independent-samples t-test for continuous data. ^bDetermined using Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorized variables.

Age at first visit (years)

12.3 ± 2.5

12.7 ± 3.1

0.735

Gender

1.00^b

Male

Female

BMI father

29.1 ± 8.4

29.6 ± 6.7

0.873

BMI mother

28.3 ± 5.3

29.1 ± 3.8

0.903

Weight

74.0 ± 19.1

69.8 ± 20.4

0.597

Height

153.9 ± 11.4

152.6 ± 9.9

0.772

z-BMI (SD)

2.8 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 1.3

0.669

WC (cm)

98.1 ± 14.8

93.4 ± 14.3

0.288

Heart rate

80.6 ± 12.2

79.9 ± 11.7

0.895

Blood pressure

SBP (mm Hg)

108.0 ± 11.6

117.0 ± 13.1

0.079

DBP (mm Hg)

67.3 ± 10.5

75.0 ± 11.5

0.089

Normal levels

9 (69.2)

8 (61.5)

1.00^b

High levels

4 (30.8)

5 (38.5)

TC (mg/dL)

155.7 ± 20.3

146.7 ± 21.2

0.280

LDL-C (mg/dL)

95.3 ± 19.1

87.6 ± 20.2

0.342

HDL-C (mg/dL)

42.6 ± 7.8

37.5 ± 8.4

0.126

TG (mg/dL)

89.5 ± 28.7

105.5 ± 52.2

0.379

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

90.3 ± 5.7

89.0 ± 6.1

0.581

hs-CRP (mg/dL)

0.42 ± 0.40

0.29 ± 0.21

0.317

Screen time (min/day)

369.0 ± 177.7

513.7 ± 185.3

0.115

Sleep time (min/day)

557.0 ± 96.7

475.0 ± 128.5

0.132

IPAQ

Active

7 (53.8)

8 (61.5)

1.00^b

Sedentary

6 (46.1)

5 (38.4)

Active leisure time (min/day)

444.0 ± 435.6

424.6 ± 396.6

0.921

Skin folds

Abdominal (mm)

41.8 ± 15.5

38.1 ± 15.6

0.562

Triceps (mm)

33.0 ± 12.6

29.5 ± 12.3

0.483

Subscapular (mm)

31.1 ± 14.4

26.0 ± 11.5

0.359

**Table 2.** Mean Differences (Mean ± Standard Deviation) Between Groups at the End of Intervention (T14)
Characteristic	T14	P value^a
SD: standard deviation; WC: waist circumference; cm: centimeters; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; mm Hg: millimeters of mercury; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; min/day: minutes per day; IPAQ: international physical activity questionnaire; mm: millimeters. ^aDetermined by use of the independent-samples t-test to continuous data. ^bDetermined using Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorized variables.
Weight	81.5 ± 13.7	76.1 ± 14.0	0.476
Height	158.5 ± 9.0	157.3 ± 6.5	0.775
z-BMI (SD)	2.8 ± 0.57	2.5 ± 0.60	0.352
WC (cm)	90.5 ± 8.3	89.1 ± 7.3	0.740
Heart rate	87.1 ± 14.0	79.7 ± 10.6	0.267
Blood pressure
SBP (mm Hg)	114.6 ± 8.6	112.5 ± 13.7	0.745
DBP (mm Hg)	72.3 ± 8.9	67.0 ± 7.4	0.223
TC (mg/dL)	153.7 ± 20.8	157.3 ± 18.0	0.699
LDL-C (mg/dL)	87.4 ± 15.0	99.1 ± 22.5	0.244
HDL-C (mg/dL)	46.6 ± 8.9	39.6 ± 4.9	0.066
TG (mg/dL)	99.8 ± 47.7	91.0 ± 20.5	0.635
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	88.5 ± 4.3	89.0 ± 7.2	0.858
hs-CRP (mg/dL)	0.42 ± 0.36	0.47 ± 0.28	0.741
Screen time (min/day)	347.5 ± 240.4	361.4 ± 151.0	0.901
Sleep time (min/day)	562.5 ± 89.8	547.1 ± 86.9	0.760
IPAQ*
Active	5 (83.3)	4 (57.1)	0.559^b
Sedentary	1 (16.7)	3 (42.9)
Active leisure time (min/day)	424.1 ± 265.3	519.8 ± 540.1	0.702
Skin folds
Abdominal	50.3 ± 14.3	48.8 ± 7.0	0.798
Triceps	37.6 ± 9.0	34.2 ± 7.1	0.426
Subscapular	39.0 ± 14.3	35.4 ± 10.5	0.588

Table 2. Mean Differences (Mean ± Standard Deviation) Between Groups at the End of Intervention (T14)

Characteristic

T14

P value^a

Exercise group (n = 10)

Control group (n = 9)

SD: standard deviation; WC: waist circumference; cm: centimeters; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; mm Hg: millimeters of mercury; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; TG: triglycerides; mg/dL: milligram per deciliter; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; min/day: minutes per day; IPAQ: international physical activity questionnaire; mm: millimeters. ^aDetermined by use of the independent-samples t-test to continuous data. ^bDetermined using Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorized variables.

Weight

81.5 ± 13.7

76.1 ± 14.0

0.476

Height

158.5 ± 9.0

157.3 ± 6.5

0.775

z-BMI (SD)

2.8 ± 0.57

2.5 ± 0.60

0.352

WC (cm)

90.5 ± 8.3

89.1 ± 7.3

0.740

Heart rate

87.1 ± 14.0

79.7 ± 10.6

0.267

Blood pressure

SBP (mm Hg)

114.6 ± 8.6

112.5 ± 13.7

0.745

DBP (mm Hg)

72.3 ± 8.9

67.0 ± 7.4

0.223

TC (mg/dL)

153.7 ± 20.8

157.3 ± 18.0

0.699

LDL-C (mg/dL)

87.4 ± 15.0

99.1 ± 22.5

0.244

HDL-C (mg/dL)

46.6 ± 8.9

39.6 ± 4.9

0.066

TG (mg/dL)

99.8 ± 47.7

91.0 ± 20.5

0.635

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

88.5 ± 4.3

89.0 ± 7.2

0.858

hs-CRP (mg/dL)

0.42 ± 0.36

0.47 ± 0.28

0.741

Screen time (min/day)

347.5 ± 240.4

361.4 ± 151.0

0.901

Sleep time (min/day)

562.5 ± 89.8

547.1 ± 86.9

0.760

IPAQ*

Active

5 (83.3)

4 (57.1)

0.559^b

Sedentary

1 (16.7)

3 (42.9)

Active leisure time (min/day)

424.1 ± 265.3

519.8 ± 540.1

0.702

Skin folds

Abdominal

50.3 ± 14.3

48.8 ± 7.0

0.798

Triceps

37.6 ± 9.0

34.2 ± 7.1

0.426

Subscapular

39.0 ± 14.3

35.4 ± 10.5

0.588